Focusing on working safely and properly instead of rushing

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# Enclosure and Isolation (cont.) ## Work Practices (cont.) - Keeping equipment well maintained. - Preparing and training for emergency response for incidents such as spills, fire, or employee injury. ## Education and Training Employee education and training on how to conduct their work safely is a critical element of any complete workplace health and safety program. Training must cover not only how to do the job safely but it must also ensure that workers understand the hazards and risks of their job, and the controls in place to protect them. It must also provide them with information on how to protect themselves and co-workers. ## Good Housekeeping Good housekeeping is essential to prevent the accumulation of hazardous or toxic materials (e.g., build-up of dust or contaminant on ledges, or beams), or hazardous conditions (e.g., poor stockpiling). For more information about workplace housekeeping, please see the OSH Answers document Workplace Housekeeping - Basic Guide. For more information about combustible dust, please see the OSH Answers document Combustible Dusts. Figure 4 Emergency Preparedness Hazard and Risk - Hierarchy of Controls CCOHS

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# Back Injury Prevention (cont.) ## How can we decrease the demands? (cont.) - Change the type of movement required. Lowering objects causes less strain than lifting. Pulling objects is easier than carryingthem. Pushing is less demanding than pulling. - Change work area layouts. Reducing the horizontal and vertical distances of lifting substantially lowers handling demands. Reducing the travel distances for carrying, pushing or pulling also decreases work demands. - Assign more time for repetitive handling tasks. More time reduces the frequency of handling and allows for more work/rest periods. - Alternate heavy tasks with lighter ones to reduce the build-up of fatigue. ## How can we reduce stressful body movements when handling materials? It is important that tasks are designed to allow the worker to do tasks without excessive reaching, bending, and twisting. These body motions are particularly dangerous and can cause back injury even when not combined with handling loads. - Provide all materials at a work level that is adjusted to the worker's body size. - Eliminate deep shelves to avoid bending. - Ensure sufficient space for the entire body to turn. - Locate objects within easy reach. - Ensure that there is clear and easy access to the load. - Use handles or have a good grip whenever possible. - Use slings and hooks to move loads that do not have handles. - Balance contents of containers. - Use rigid containers. - Change the shape of the load so the load can be handled close to the body. ## Why is the pace of work important? Pace of work, particularly when externally imposed, may significantly contribute to the worker's discomfort, and consequently to the onset of musculoskeletal injuries. Generally speaking, pressure to work at a certain pace creates the mental need to work in a hurry. This perception, in turn, creates tension not only in the mind but also in the body. Tensed muscles are much more prone to injury. Back Injury Prevention CC…

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# Causation Models (cont.) ## Personnel (cont.) - Did the worker follow the safe operating procedures? - Were workers experienced in the work being done? - Had they been adequately educated and trained? - Can they physically do the work? - What was the status of their health? - Were they tired? - Was fatigue or shiftwork an issue? - Were they under stress (work or personal)? - Was there pressure to complete tasks under a deadline, or to by-pass safety procedures? ## Management Management holds the legal responsibility for the safety of the workplace and therefore the role of supervisors and higher management and the role or presence of management systems must always be considered in an incident investigation. These factors may also be called organizational factors. Failures of management systems are often found to be direct or indirect causes. Ask questions such as: - Were safety rules or safe work procedures communicated to and understood by all employees? - Were written procedures and orientation available? - Were the safe work procedures being enforced? - Was there adequate supervision? - Were workers educated and trained to do the work? - Had hazards and risks been previously identified and assessed? - Had procedures been developed to eliminate the hazards or control the risks? - Were unsafe conditions corrected? - Was regular maintenance of equipment carried out? - Were regular safety inspections carried out? - Had the condition or concern been reported beforehand? - Was action taken? Incident Investigation CCOHS

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# What are examples of responsibilities of safety coordinators? (cont.) ## Why are safe work procedures established? (cont.) Compliance with health and safety rules should be considered a condition of employment. Rules must be explained to new workers when they start work or if they are transferred or retrained. After a suitable interval, these workers should be briefed to ensure they understand the rules applicable to their work. The employer must establish procedures for dealing with repeat rule violators. Supervisors are responsible for correcting unsafe acts, such as a breach of rules, and they must be supported in this duty. Points that should be considered in establishing procedures on this issue are: - Ensure that workers are aware of the rule. - Ensure that workers are not encouraged, coerced, or forced to disregard the rule by fellow workers. - All rules are to be followed. - All violations will be managed. Action is taken promptly. The role of discipline is that of education, not punishment. - While having guidelines for penalties for the first offence or infractions may be desirable, some flexibility is required when applying the guidelines since each case will vary in its circumstances. - Action is done confidentially, consistently, and recorded. ## How do you establish safe work procedures? Safe work procedures are the safest way of doing a job, job instruction, monitoring performance, and incident investigation. Job safety analysis (JSA), also known as "job hazard analysis", is the first step in developing the correct procedure. In this analysis, each task of a specific job is examined to identify hazards and to determine the safest way to do the job. Job safety analysis involves the following steps: 1. Select the job. 2. Break down the job into a sequence of steps. 3. Identify the hazards. 4. Define preventive measures. - The analysis should be conducted on all critical tasks or jobs as a first priority. Critical jobs include: - Th…

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# APPENDIX C COMPLIANCE GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT (NON-MANDATORY) (cont.) ## 11. Managing Change. (cont.) Copies of process changes need to be kept in an accessible location to ensure that design changes are available to operating personnel as well as to PHA team members when a PHA is being done or one is being updated. ## 12. Investigation of Incidents. Incident investigation is the process of identifying the underlying causes of incidents and implementing steps to prevent similar events from occurring. The intent of an incident investigation is for employers to learn from past experiences and thus avoid repeating past mistakes. The incidents for which OSHA expects employers to become aware and to investigate are the types of events which result in or could reasonably have resulted in a catastrophic release. Some of the events are sometimes referred to as "near misses," meaning that a serious consequence did not occur, but could have. Employers need to develop in-house capability to investigate incidents that occur in their facilities. A team needs to be assembled by the employer and trained in the techniques of investigation including how to conduct interviews of witnesses, needed documentation and report writing. A multi-disciplinary team is better able to gather the facts of the event and to analyze them and develop plausible scenarios as to what happened, and why. Team members should be selected on the basis of their training, knowledge and ability to contribute to a team effort to fully investigate the incident. Employees in the process area where the incident occurred should be consulted, interviewed or made a member of the team. Their knowledge of the events form a significant set of facts about the incident which occurred. The report, its findings and recommendations are to be shared with those who can benefit from the information. The cooperation of employees is essential to an effective incident investigation. The f…

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# APPENDIX C COMPLIANCE GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT (NON-MANDATORY) (cont.) ## 11. Managing Change. (cont.) Copies of process changes need to be kept in an accessible location to ensure that design changes are available to operating personnel as well as to PHA team members when a PHA is being done or one is being updated. ## 12. Investigation of Incidents. Incident investigation is the process of identifying the underlying causes of incidents and implementing steps to prevent similar events from occurring. The intent of an incident investigation is for employers to learn from past experiences and thus avoid repeating past mistakes. The incidents for which OSHA expects employers to become aware and to investigate are the types of events which result in or could reasonably have resulted in a catastrophic release. Some of the events are sometimes referred to as "near misses," meaning that a serious consequence did not occur, but could have. Employers need to develop in-house capability to investigate incidents that occur in their facilities. A team needs to be assembled by the employer and trained in the techniques of investigation including how to conduct interviews of witnesses, needed documentation and report writing. A multi-disciplinary team is better able to gather the facts of the event and to analyze them and develop plausible scenarios as to what happened, and why. Team members should be selected on the basis of their training, knowledge and ability to contribute to a team effort to fully investigate the incident. Employees in the process area where the incident occurred should be consulted, interviewed or made a member of the team. Their knowledge of the events form a significant set of facts about the incident which occurred. The report, its findings and recommendations are to be shared with those who can benefit from the information. The cooperation of employees is essential to an effective incident investigation. The f…

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# Incident Investigation (cont.) ## Why look for the root cause? (cont.) - Was a safe work procedure being followed? If not, why not? - Were safety devices in order? If not, why not? - Was the worker trained? If not, why not? An inquiry that answers these and related questions will probably reveal conditions that are more open to correction. ## What are the steps involved in investigating an incident? First: - Report the incident occurrence to a designated person within the organization. - Provide first aid and medical care to injured person(s) and prevent further injuries or damage. The incident investigation team would perform the following general steps: - Scene management and scene assessment (secure the scene, make sure it is safe for investigators to do their job). - Witness management (provide support, limit interaction with other witnesses, interview). - Investigate the incident, collect data. - Analyze the data, identify the root causes. - Report the findings and recommendations. The organization would then: - Develop a plan for corrective action. - Implement the plan. - Evaluate the effectiveness of the corrective action. - Make changes for continual improvement. As little time as possible should be lost between the moment of an incident and the beginning of the investigation. In this way, one is most likely to be able to observe the conditions as they were at the time, prevent disturbance of evidence, and identify witnesses. The tools that members of the investigating team may need (pencil, paper, camera or recording device, tape measure, etc.) should be immediately available so that no time is wasted. What should be looked at as the cause of an incident? Incident Investigation CCOHS

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# COMPLIANCE GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT (NON-MANDATORY) (cont.) ## 9. "Mechanical Integrity." (cont.) If the quality of parts is a problem, it may be appropriate to conduct audits of the equipment supplier's facilities to better assure proper purchases of required equipment which is suitable for its intended service. Any changes in equipment that may become necessary will need to go through the management of change procedures. ## 10. "Nonroutine Work Authorizations." Nonroutine work which is conducted in process areas needs to be controlled by the employer in a consistent manner. The hazards identified involving the work that is to be accomplished must be communicated to those doing the work, but also to those operating personnel whose work could affect the safety of the process. A work authorization notice or permit must have a procedure that describes the steps the maintenance supervisor, contractor representative or other person needs to follow to obtain the necessary clearance to get the job started. The work authorization procedures need to reference and coordinate, as applicable, lockout/tagout procedures, line breaking procedures, confined space entry procedures and hot work authorizations. This procedure also needs to provide clear steps to follow once the job is completed in order to provide closure for those that need to know the job is now completed and equipment can be returned to normal. ## 11. "Managing Change." To properly manage changes to process chemicals, technology, equipment and facilities, one must define what is meant by change. In this process safety management standard, change includes all modifications to equipment, procedures, raw materials and processing conditions other than "replacement in kind." These changes need to be properly managed by identifying and reviewing them prior to implementation of the change. For example, the operating procedures contain the operating parameters (pressure limits, …