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Off Loading Bulk Materials

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Safe off-loading of bulk materials requires a planned system of work that controls vehicle movement, ground conditions, load behavior, worker positioning, and communication before unloading starts. A suitable approach is to complete a task-specific hazard identification and risk assessment, brief all involved workers, define exclusion zones, verify the unloading surface is firm and level, confirm the load is stable and within equipment limits, and stop the job if conditions change. Construction safety guidance emphasizes safety and health management systems, daily pre-work safety meetings, and continuous assessment of hazards rather than treating incidents as unavoidable. [8] [12] [2]

Key hazards to identify during loading and unloading:

Vehicle movement, reversing, blind spots, and worker-on-foot struck-by/run-over hazards
Vehicle rollover or loss of stability due to uneven ground, soft shoulders, overloading, shifting loads, or raised bodies/buckets
Falling, sliding, or collapsing material during tailgate opening, tipping, discharge, or manual release of restraints
Workers being caught in or crushed by shifting loads, moving equipment, or collapsing stockpiles
Falls from trucks, trailers, docks, stockpiles, or while accessing covers and restraints
Manual handling injuries from lifting, pulling, pushing, dragging hoses, chutes, tarps, gates, or tools
Exposure to dusts and other harmful substances depending on the bulk material
Traffic hazards from public vehicles and site traffic interacting with delivery vehicles

[1] [1] [1] [6] Before unloading, the driver and receiving site should confirm the delivery point, unloading method, material characteristics, overhead and underground hazards, weather, lighting, and emergency arrangements. The unloading area should be isolated from pedestrians and non-essential vehicles, with a one-way traffic flow where possible. Use a spotter only when necessary and only under an agreed signaling system; workers should never approach plant or trucks until the operator has stopped, acknowledged them, and it is safe to do so. Blind spots are a critical risk around dump trucks, loaders, and other mobile plant. [11] [11] [11] [6]

Safe loading and unloading procedure controls should include:

Use only competent, authorized operators and drivers; clarify who is in charge of the unloading operation
Inspect the vehicle, body, tailgate, restraints, hydraulics, tires, lights, alarms, and any lifting or discharge equipment before use
Position the vehicle on firm, level ground; keep clear of edges, excavations, trenches, soft fill, and overhead power lines
Apply parking brake, place transmission in the correct position, chock wheels where needed, and prevent unintended movement before workers enter danger areas
Establish exclusion zones beside, behind, and under raised bodies, suspended loads, discharge points, and moving plant
Release covers, straps, tailgates, and restraints from a safe position, anticipating stored energy and load shift
Unload in a controlled sequence to prevent sudden movement, bridging, hang-up, or side loading
Never allow anyone under suspended, raised, or unsupported loads or materials
Stop unloading immediately if the load shifts, the vehicle leans, material hangs up, weather worsens, or the ground deteriorates

[7] [4] [14] Vehicle stability is one of the most important controls during bulk off-loading. Tip-over risk increases when unloading on a side slope, on soft or recently filled ground, near trench edges, with uneven tire pressures or suspension, or when material sticks in the body and suddenly releases. Keep heavy equipment and stockpiled material well back from excavations and edges, and do not raise a dump body or elevate equipment unless the vehicle is properly positioned and the ground can support the load. If material bridges or hangs up, lower the body and use a safe method to clear the blockage; workers should not climb into an unstable load space without a confined-space and engulfment assessment and a controlled system of work. [4] [14] [4]

Manual handling risks should be assessed separately because overexertion is a leading cause of lost-time injuries. Reduce manual lifting by using mechanical aids such as conveyors, forklifts, pallet jacks, vacuum systems, chutes, or powered tarping and gate systems. Break tasks into smaller loads, keep loads close to the body, avoid twisting while carrying, maintain good footing, and coordinate team lifts when mechanical assistance is not practicable. Manual handling is especially hazardous when combined with climbing on vehicles, slippery surfaces, awkward reaches, or time pressure. [3] [5]

Falling material hazards must be controlled by treating every bulk load as potentially unstable. Material can avalanche when tailgates are opened, when side boards are removed, when a load has shifted in transit, or when wet, frozen, compacted, or mixed-size material releases unexpectedly. Keep workers out of the fall zone, open gates and restraints from the side rather than directly behind the load, use remote release systems where available, and never stand on top of a load unless there is a justified need and fall protection is in place. Falls and contact with objects are major injury categories, so access to truck beds, docks, and stockpiles must be tightly controlled. [1] [1] [3] [3]

PPE should be selected from the risk assessment and task conditions. Typical minimum PPE for bulk off-loading is:

High-visibility clothing for anyone exposed to vehicle movement
Safety footwear with slip-resistant soles and toe protection
Hard hat where there is risk from falling objects, moving plant, or overhead hazards
Gloves suited to the material and handling task
Eye protection where dust, particles, or splashes may occur
Hearing protection where noise exposure is significant
Respiratory protection where dust or hazardous airborne contaminants cannot be adequately controlled by other means
Fall protection when accessing elevated areas and where a fall hazard cannot be otherwise eliminated

[8] [9] [9] [9] Traffic management should separate pedestrians from vehicles and minimize reversing. Use a site traffic management plan or internal traffic control plan showing entry and exit routes, one-way systems, unloading points, pedestrian walkways, exclusion zones, speed limits, and communication methods. Provide advance warning signs, cones, barriers, and trained traffic control where public roads or mixed site traffic are involved. High-visibility clothing is essential, but it is not a substitute for segregation, visibility aids, alarms, and disciplined vehicle movement controls. [6] [4] [14] [14]

Compliance with workplace health and safety requirements means the employer should have a documented safe system of work covering hazard identification, risk assessment, worker training, supervision, inspection, maintenance, incident reporting, and emergency response. A competent person should inspect the unloading area and changing conditions, especially where excavation edges, unstable ground, weather, or traffic create additional risk. Workers must be trained in site rules, blind spots, exclusion zones, communication signals, PPE use, manual handling limits, and emergency procedures. Where hazardous materials are involved, additional regulatory controls such as exposure monitoring, respiratory protection, and substance-specific requirements may apply. [4] [9] [10] [13]

In practice, bulk off-loading should not begin unless the site has confirmed: the area is suitable and level, traffic is controlled, pedestrians are excluded, the unloading method is understood, the load is stable, the operator and spotter can communicate, required PPE is worn, and there is a clear stop-work rule if anything becomes unsafe.

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[1] Trench Safety: Working in an unprotected trench is dangerous

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Trench Safety Working in an unprotected trench is dangerous - Protect workers from cave-ins when trenches are at least 5' deep and from shallower trenches where a cave-in hazard exists. - o Do this by supporting the walls with shoring, shielding workers with trench boxes, or sloping the walls back wide enough, per the OSHA Excavation Standard. - o Protect employees from water accumulation by pumping out ground or utility water. - Provide ladders to workers when working in trenches of at least 4'. Call Dig Safe at 1-(888) 344-7233 to identify underground utilities. Ensure that workers wear high-visibility clothing when working around vehicle traffic. - Use Part 6 of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices to determine appropriate work zone signage and traffic channeling devices. • Spoils must be placed 2 feet from the trench edge. • Do not allow employees to work under suspended or raised loads or materials. A competent person must inspect each trench worksite, including the soil protective system, before the start of work, and again if there is a hazard-increasing change in conditions, like a rainstorm. ## Resources from the Department of Labor Standards Download a copy of our Trench Template Program and Inspection Worksheet at mass.gov/doc/trench-template-program-and-worksheet ## For more information, visit mass.gov/dls MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF MASSsafety Works! LABOR STANDARDS Workplace Safety is No Accident 3-20-24

[2] 454 CMR 28.00: The removal, containment, maintenance, or encapsulation of asbestos

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# 454 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF LABOR STANDARDS 28.05: continued (r) The Department requires training providers to issue course evaluations for their virtual courses to help determine the strengths and weaknesses of such courses and to promote continuous improvement. (s) Virtual, web based, or online training courses provided in other states shall not meet requirements for reciprocity. (t) Training certificates issued after completion of a virtual course will only be accepted from Training Providers certified by the Department. (4) Massachusetts Specific Model Accreditation Plan (MAP) Training Requirements. The following sections describe the course content for asbestos training as set forth at 40 CFR Part 763, Appendix C: Subpart E - Asbestos Model Accreditation Plan, and includes specific training required by Massachusetts and its regulations. Initial Training Courses and Curriculum: (a) Workers. Asbestos abatement worker course (initial) shall include a minimum of four training days with a minimum of 14 hours of hands-on training, including individual respirator fit testing. The training course shall address the following topics: 1. Physical Characteristics of Asbestos. Identification of asbestos, aerodynamic characteristics, typical uses, and physical appearance, and a summary of abatement control options. 2. Potential Health Effects Related to Asbestos Exposure. The nature of asbestos related diseases; routes of exposure; dose response relationships and the lack of a safe exposure level; the synergistic effect between cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure; the latency periods for asbestos related diseases; a discussion of the relationship of asbestos exposure to asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma, and cancer of other organs. 3. Employee Personal Protective Equipment. Classes and characteristics of respirator types; limitations of respirators; proper selection, inspection; donning, use, maintenance, and storage procedures for respirators; method…

[3] Trench Hazard Alert

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TENSIN MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF LABOR STANDARDS # Trench Hazard Alert MASSsafety Works! Workplace Safety is No Accident Every year, workers are killed or seriously injured conducting work in trenches, including utility repair, utility inspections, and construction. Trenches are recognized by OSHA as one of the most hazardous construction work conditions, with a fatality rate more than double that for construction work overall. ## Requirements for Trench Work • Protect workers from soil cave-ins in all trenches 5' or deeper, and in shallower trenches where a cave-in hazard exists. Do this by supporting the walls with shoring, shielding workers with trench boxes, or sloping the walls back wide enough, in accordance with the OSHA Excavation Standard. • Provide ladders to workers in trenches 4' or deeper. • Underground utilities must be identified and supported. Call Dig Safe at 1-(888) 344-7233. • Ensure that workers wear high visibility clothing when exposed to vehicle traffic, and use appropriate work zone signage and traffic channeling set-ups. . Spoils must be kept back a minimum of 2' from the trench edge. Keep equipment and heavy material as far back from the trench edge as possible. • Stabilize undermined adjacent structures. • Protect employees from water accumulation by pumping out ground or utility water, and preventing drainage or other water from entering the trench. • Do not allow employees to work under suspended or raised loads or materials. • Conduct pre-job planning and inspections of trench worksites. A competent person must inspect each trench worksite, including the soil protective system, prior to the start of work, and again if there is a hazard-increasing change in conditions such as a rainstorm. Unsafe trenches are dangerous! Trenches more than 20 feet in depth must be designed by a registered professional engineer. ## Workers in trenches face other significant hazards in addition to cave-in of the soil walls, including: . …

[4] Injuries Are Not Accidents: Construction Will Be Safe When It's Designed to Be Safe (Case Study 4 from Lessons Learned - Solutions for Workplace Safety and Health)

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# CASE STUDY 4 — TIMELINE (cont.) ## References (cont.) CASE STUDY 4: Injuries Are Not Accidents 81. International Labour Organization. Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems. (ILO-OSH 2001). 2001. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2001/101B09_287_engl.pdf. Accessed: November 17, 2010. 82. International Labour Organization. Safety and Health in Construction Convention. 1988 (No. 167). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm. Accessed: November 15, 2010. 83. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Draft Proposed Safety and Health Program Rule: 29 CFR 1900.1, Docket S&H-0027. 1998. Available at: http://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/safetyhealth/nshp.html. Accessed: November 15, 2010. No. 84. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. AMEC Construction Partnership implements safety and health management systems and reduces injury and illness incident rate. 2010. Available at: http://www.osha.gov/dcsp/success_stories/partnerships/ region5/191_amec success.html. Accessed: November 15, 2010. 85. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Prevention through Design. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ptd/. Accessed: November 15, 2010. 86. Toole TM, Gambatese J. The trajectories of Prevention through Design in construction. J Safety Res. 2008;39(2):225-30. 87. Behm M. Construction sector. J Safety Res. 2008;39(2):175-8. 88. OSHA Alliance Program's Construction Roundtable. Construction Workplace Design Solution: Non-Fragile Skylights and/or Skylight Guards. 2010. Available at: http://www.designforconstructionsafety.org/Documents/DS5%20-%20Skylight%20%28MG- TB%20update%205-3-10%29.pdf. Accessed: November 15, 2010. 89. Hassan M. OSHA urges Morris County NJ Latino workers to report safety violations. Daily Record. July 27, 2010. 90. Sokas RK, Emile J, Nickels L,…

[5] Injuries Are Not Accidents: Construction Will Be Safe When It's Designed to Be Safe (Case Study 4 from Lessons Learned - Solutions for Workplace Safety and Health)

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# Injuries Are Not Accidents: Construction Will Be Safe When It's Designed to Be Safe (cont.) ## Final thoughts (cont.) CASE STUDY 4: Injuries Are Not Accidents LESSONS LEARNED safety in construction. Issuing a national OSH-MS frame- work for the construction sector should not be an im- possible task. In fact, models already exist, including OSHA's Draft Proposed Safety and Health Program Rule of 1998, ILO-OSH 2001, and ANSI ZIO. It is also vital to keep the momentum going on Con- struction Hazard Prevention through Design (CHPtD). The stakeholders who participated in the National PtD Workshop felt strongly that a government regulation on CHPTD is not a viable short-term strategy-but that it is important for governmental agencies to continue lead- ing the CHPtD movement. CHPtD is also an avenue to incorporate construction workers' safety and health in green building and other sustainability programs. ## NIOSH-FACE Program recommendations for employers to prevent collisions¹ • Develop, implement, and enforce a policy that requires workers on foot to maintain a safe clearance from mobile equipment and train all workers regarding this policy. • Develop, implement, and enforce a policy that requires mobile equipment operators to operate mobile equipment in accordance with safety guidance provided in the equipment operator's manual and provide additional training to all mobile equipment operators regarding this policy. - Consider conducting a pre-work safety meet- ing each day to discuss the work to be per- formed, potential safety hazards and safe work procedures, and means to be used for com- municating changes to the work plan. • Ensure that personal protective equipment, including high-visibility clothing, is provided and used in accordance with company policy. The media often portray construction injuries and fatalities as unpreventable tragedies. It is critical to identify ways to reduce the growing number of fatal and non-fatal injuries among immi- gr…

[6] 454 CMR 28.00: The removal, containment, maintenance, or encapsulation of asbestos

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# 454 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF LABOR STANDARDS ## 28.03: General Requirements (1) Worker Protection. The requirements of the OSHA Asbestos Construction Standard, 29 CFR Part 1926.1101, including paragraphs (f), (h), (i) and (m), and other applicable OSHA standards shall apply to the personal protection and medical monitoring of employees, including employees of the Commonwealth or any of its political subdivisions, who perform work subject to these regulations. In addition, in accordance with 454 CMR 28.08(3)(d), Asbestos Contractors must maintain as records the results of all personal exposure monitoring, respirator fit testing and medical examinations required by 29 CFR Part 1926 and other applicable OSHA standards as a condition of licensure. Violations of OSHA regulations pertaining to worker protection may be referred to OSHA for enforcement action. The personal protection and medical monitoring of employees of the Commonwealth and its political subdivisions and other persons exempted from enforcement by federal OSHA must be in accordance with the provisions of 454 CMR 28.04, and M.G.L. c. 149, § 6½, which the Department enforces. Responsibility for compliance with such worker protection requirements rests with the employer and the Responsible Person(s) designated thereby. (2) Requirements for the Use of Personnel. (a) Persons engaged in Asbestos Work subject to 454 CMR 28.00 shall only perform or be assigned to perform those tasks authorized by 454 CMR 28.00. Performance of unauthorized tasks or functions shall be cause for administrative license action, civil penalty, or both. (b) Persons must be at least 18 years of age or older to perform any Asbestos Work subject to 454 CMR 28.00 or to receive licensure in any asbestos-related discipline pursuant to 454 CMR 28.00. (3) Requirement to Abate Asbestos Hazards. Asbestos-containing Materials that would be disturbed during the course of Asbestos-associated Work must be abated prior to the commencement of such w…

[7] Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Annual Report 2015

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# Massachusetts Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Report 2015 <table><tr><th colspan="3">Table 8: Number of cases and percent distribution² of DAFW cases by event, Massachusetts, private industry, 2015 [Total Cases = 29,020]</th></tr><tr><td>Event Category</td><td>Number</td><td>Percentage</td></tr><tr><td>Overexertion and Bodily Reaction</td><td>10,000</td><td>34.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Falls, Slips, Trips</td><td>7,890</td><td>27.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Contact with Object, Equipment</td><td>7,040</td><td>24.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Violence and Other Injuries by Person or Animal</td><td>1,620</td><td>5.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Transportation Incidents</td><td>1,220</td><td>4.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Exposure to Harmful Substances or Environments</td><td>1,180</td><td>4.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Fires and Explosions</td><td>40</td><td>0.1%</td></tr></table> Note: Components may not add up to totals. Occupation: Occupations within the healthcare industry continue to incur a high number of injuries and/or illnesses involving days away from work. Registered Nurses (RN) and Nursing Assistants had a total of 1,720 and 1,520 cases respectively, requiring lost work days. Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers incurred 1,380 injuries and illnesses. The rest of the occupations with a high number of incidents are indicated in Chart X. Chart XI: Highest numbers of nonfatal occupational injuries and ilnesses, involving DAFW, by selected occupation, MA 2015 Registered Nurses 1,720 Nursing Assistants 1,520 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Meterial Movers, Hand 1,380 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping 1,290 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 1,180 Teacher Assistants 1,170 Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers 1,050 Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 980 Stock Clerk and Order Fillers 780 Food Preparation Workers 710 Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 640 Elementary School Teachers, except special education 610 0 [redacted identifier] 800 1000 1200 140…

[8] Prevent Aerial Lift Accidents

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THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF LABOR AND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF LABOR STANDARDS MASS safety Works! Workplace Safety is No Accident # Prevent Aerial Lift Accidents Municipal employees are subject to accidents and injuries while working in bucket trucks and aerial lifts to hang flags and decorations, trim trees, or make repairs to buildings or streetlights. Some of the high hazards of working in bucket trucks or on any elevated work platform include electrocution, tip overs, and struck by passing traffic. Remind all employees who will be working on an elevated work platform of some key safety points: • Wear a harness and lifeline properly. • Make sure the equipment is on stable ground. Avoid slopes, sandy or wet areas, and uneven surfaces. • Never stand on the sides of the bucket or use a ladder in the bucket to extend reach. • Do not put yourself or your equipment within 10 feet of power lines. • Set up a safe work zone to prevent traffic from hitting the bucket truck. • Use advance warning signs, cones, or barricades to protect your workers. If the bucket truck is not regularly used, make sure you inspect it and test it. Look for leaks and check the hydraulics. Make sure that all the outriggers fully deploy, beacons, and lights function properly, and there are no missing parts. Above all, make sure the operator is well trained in the safe use of the equipment. These workers are wearing a harness and lifeline to ensure they are not thrown out of the bucket if the bucket, boom, or truck is hit by a passing vehicle. For further information, read the Aerial Lift Safety Bulletin on the DLS website: www.mass.gov/dols/wshp

[9] Safety Alert: Blind Spots on Construction Equipment

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# Massachusetts Department of Labor Standards Safety Alert: Blind Spots on Construction Equipment ## Never Stand in Blind Spots ## Safety Tips March 2025 ## Contractors ## Managers Ensure detail officers are trained on hazards associated with roadside work zones. ## Traffic Detail Officers - Position yourself outside the construction work zone. Review the work zone plan and internal traffic flow with crew and detail officers in a pre-shift briefing. Blind spots are areas around construction equipment where the operator's view is obstructed. Different vehicles have their own blind spots. Being able to see the operator does not mean the operator can see you! ## Sample Blind Spot Diagram A person must be at least 33 feet (10 meters) in front of this dump truck in order to be seen. A person at the rear of the dump truck will not be seen. Blind Area Meror Visbity 50 290 290 The red circle 270 12m is 33 feet 200 100° around the 25 truck. Gray area is 140° not visible to Operator 100 • Maintain eye contact with equipment operators. Confirm eye contact with hand signals before approaching equipment. Click here for NIOSH Blind Spot Charts for Common Heavy Equipment SETTENSIS NSIS. SIGILLU ALLUM MASSACHUS The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Executive Office of Labor and Workforce Development Department of Labor Standards Workplace Safety and Health Program www.mass.gov/dols/wshp

[10] Fatal Occupational Injuries in Massachusetts 1991-1999

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# Appendix 10. Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Classification Manual (Section 2.4) ## 0. Contact with Objects and Equipment - Contact with objects and equipment, unspecified - Struck against object - Struck against object, unspecified - Stepped on object - Struck against stationary object - Struck against moving object - Struck against object, n.e.c. - Struck by object - Struck by object, unspecified - struck by falling object - struck by flying object - Struck by flying object, unspecified - Struck by dislodged flying object, particle - Struck by discharged object or substance - struck by flying object, n.e.c. - Struck by swinging or slipping object - Struck by swinging or slipping object, unspecified - Struck by or slammed in swinging door or gate - Struck by slipping handheld object - Struck by swinging or slipping object, n.e.c. - Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects - Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects, unspecified - Caught in running equipment or machinery - Compressed or pinched by rolling, sliding, or shifting objects • Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects, n.e.c. - Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials - Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials, unspecified - Excavation or trenching cave-in - Other cave-in - Caught in or crushed in collapsing structure - Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials, n.e.c. - Rubbed or abraded by friction or pressure - Rubbed or abraded by friction or pressure, unspecified - Rubbed or abraded by kneeling on surface - Rubbed or abraded by objects being handled - Rubbed or abraded by foreign matter in eye - Rubbed or abraded by friction or pressure, n.e.c. - Rubbed, abraded, or jarred by vibration 54 • Rubbed, abraded, or jarred by vibration, unspecified " Rubbed, abraded, or jarred by vehicle or mobile equipment vibration " Rubbed, abraded, or jarred by other machine or equipment vibration " Rubbed, a…

[11] Occupational injuries and Illnesses Annual Report 2017

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# Incidence rates (cont.) ## Case and demographic findings (cont.) Table 8 below shows a distribution of days away from work by the type of event. Three of the event categories accounted for approximately 86.8% of the cases with DAFW. The remaining four categories accounted for 13.2% of the total number of cases with DAFW. <table><tr><th colspan="3">Table 8. Number of cases and percent distribution of DAFW cases by event, Massachusetts, private industry, 2017 [Total cases = 30,740]</th></tr><tr><td>Event category</td><td>Number</td><td>Percentage</td></tr><tr><td>Overexertion and bodily reaction</td><td>11,330</td><td>36.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Falls, slip, trips</td><td>8,470</td><td>27.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Contact with object, equipment</td><td>6,840</td><td>22.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Violence and other injuries by person or animal</td><td>1,710</td><td>5.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Transportation incidents</td><td>1,430</td><td>4.7%</td></tr><tr><td>Exposure to harmful substances or environment</td><td>930</td><td>3.0%</td></tr></table> *data was unpublishable Chart IX provides selected occupations with the highest number of days away from work cases. Some of the occupations with high number of days away from work cases include the following: Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers incurred 1,580 DAFW cases. Registered nurses had a total of 1,510 cases. Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers incurred an estimated total of 1,320 cases. The rest of the occupations with a high number of incidents are indicated in the chart below. Chart IX. Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving DAFW, by selected occupations, Massachusetts, 2017 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand 1,580 Registered Nurses 1,510 Nursing Assistants 1,450 Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 1,320 Light Truck or Delivery Service Drivers 930 Stock Clerks and Order Fillers 900 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 650 Food Prep…

[12] Injuries Are Not Accidents: Construction Will Be Safe When It's Designed to Be Safe (Case Study 4 from Lessons Learned - Solutions for Workplace Safety and Health)

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# Injuries Are Not Accidents: Construction Will Be Safe When It's Designed to Be Safe (cont.) ## NIOSH-FACE Program recommendations for employers to prevent collisions¹ (cont.) WORL Falls are the most frequent cause of fatal injuries among construction workers in the United States. ©2010 Earl Dotter equipment." Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and tag readers are one such collision warning tech- nology: each worker on foot wears a small RFID tag, each piece of mobile equipment is equipped with a tag reader, and the equipment operator receives a warning when a tag is sensed. 1.94 OSHA and NIOSH are part of the Roadway Work Zone Safety and Health Alliance, which includes these six other partners from the employers' and employees' or- ganizations: American Road and Transportation Builders Association (ARTBA), Associated General Contractors of America (AGC), International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE), Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA), LIUNA Education and Train- ing Fund, and National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA).95 The Alliance provides construction industry employers, workers (including Spanish-speaking and other high-risk or hard-to-reach workers), and others with information, guidance, and training resources spe- cifically to reduce and prevent exposures to roadway work zone safety and health hazards (e.g. flagger safety, safer deployment of traffic control and direction devices, safer night work precautions, work zone speeding control as well as runover/backover control).95 The National Work Zone Safety Information Clearinghouse is located at http://www.workzonesafety.org-many tools and documents developed by the Alliance are at this site. An important overall strategy to prevent collisions in worksites is an Internal Traffic Control Plan to design worksite traffic patterns in such a way that the amount of vehicle backing is reduced and the exposure of workers on foot to vehicles is minimized.⁹6 Collisions happen …

[13] Injuries Are Not Accidents: Construction Will Be Safe When It's Designed to Be Safe (Case Study 4 from Lessons Learned - Solutions for Workplace Safety and Health)

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CASE STUDY 4 # Injuries Are Not Accidents: Construction Will Be Safe When It's Designed to Be Safe Pia Markkanen, David Kriebel, Joel Tickner, Molly Jacobs On August 13, 2005, a 56-year-old male construction worker was fatally injured when he was run over by a bulldozer. He had been working at a commercial construction site in North Carolina. As he stepped in front of a gravel pile to direct a truck driver, he was struck by a bulldozer running in reverse. His boss, the owner of the contracting company, was operating the bulldozer, spreading gravel. The dozer's back-up alarm was on. A co-worker in a skid-steer loader near the gravel pile saw the bulldozer backing toward the victim, and he yelled a warning. But neither the driver of the bulldozer nor the worker in its path heard him shout. The track of the bulldozer struck the victim on the back of his legs and rolled over his legs and torso. Emergency medical workers arrived promptly after the 911 call and found that the victim had no signs of life. He was pronounced dead at the site. - Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program, National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH)¹ NNECESSARY DEATHS LIKE THIS one happen all the time-there are U approximately three fatal construction. injuries each day in the United States." And for every death, there are more than 100 nonfatal injuries serious enough to result in time lost from work.b Fatal injuries in construction continue to take a heavy toll despite a long history of government efforts to enforce safety measures. Yet safety man- agement systems involving workers and managers in continuous assessment and prevention can provide the commitment to safety that is critical to reducing deaths and injuries on the job. When people hear about these tragic and avoid- able deaths, they often have one of two reactions. They either say, "It should be so simple-how hard can it be to keep workers from falling, or being crushed, or being electrocuted…

[14] Injuries Are Not Accidents: Construction Will Be Safe When It's Designed to Be Safe (Case Study 4 from Lessons Learned - Solutions for Workplace Safety and Health)

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# Injuries Are Not Accidents: Construction Will Be Safe When It's Designed to Be Safe (cont.) ## National safety and health priorities in the US construction industry (cont.) - potential hazards from the use of new materi- als, in particular nanomaterials or lightweight composites. One such example is titanium di- oxide nanoparticles, which are added to cement to break down organic pollutants via catalytic reactions-this allows concrete to retain its whiteness and resist staining. Also, nanoscale silica is added to cement to improve particle packing, increasing the cement density struc- ture, improving the mechanical properties of the cement. - changes in industry structure and practice to address safety more efficiently. The construc- tion industry's highly complex structure in- cludes multiple layers of organizations and dis- ciplines simultaneously performing specialized tasks. The communication challenges and self- interests of these multiple entities can adversely affect both safety planning and safety program - implementation, as well as business innovation in general. More integrated delivery of con- struction and expanded early engagement of all project stakeholders are needed. For example, the architecture community is developing new "integrated practice" approaches to address these limitations and inefficiencies. - changes in the makeup of the workforce, in- cluding the greater presence of immigrant workers and the aging of the workforce. - underreporting of injuries as well as shifting costs and other burdens from the employer to workers' families, health insurance, social ser- vices, and future employers. - understanding the root causes of illnesses and injuries, and in particular understanding the connections among the causal factors and pro- cesses involved in incidents. ## TABLE 1 ## Fifteen priorities reflected in strategic goals set by the National Construction Agenda to improve construction workers' safety and healthTo ## Reduce traum…

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Publisher: SALUS
Final reviewer: Francis Langlois
Original answer: May 11, 2026

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Safety compliance Emergency response Equipment safety Ergonomics Excavation and trenching Fall protection Hazard assessment Incident management Personal protective equipment Safety training

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