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Published by SALUS

Toolbox Talk: Silica Hazards and Control Measures

Date: [DATE] Duration: [DURATION] minutes Presenter: [PRESENTER NAME] Location: [LOCATION]

Objective

The objective of this toolbox talk is to educate workers on the hazards associated with crystalline silica exposure, understand the health risks, and implement effective control measures to minimize exposure and protect their health [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].

Introduction

Crystalline silica is a common mineral found in many construction materials such as concrete, mortar, and stone [7]. Activities like cutting, grinding, and drilling can create dust containing very small crystalline silica particles. Breathing in these particles can lead to serious and sometimes fatal illnesses [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].

Presenter Note: Has anyone here worked with materials that create a lot of dust? What precautions did you take?

Key Points

  • Crystalline silica is present in many common construction materials [7].
  • Inhaling silica dust can cause serious lung diseases, including silicosis and lung cancer [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].
  • Exposure can occur during cutting, grinding, drilling, and other dust-generating activities [7].
  • Control measures like water suppression, ventilation, and respiratory protection are essential [7].
  • Regular monitoring and training are necessary to ensure worker safety [7].

Hazard Identification

Exposure to crystalline silica can occur when working with materials such as:

  • Mortar and concrete [7]: Cutting, grinding, or mixing these materials can release silica dust, leading to respiratory problems and silicosis [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].
  • Stone and rock [7]: Drilling or crushing stone can generate high levels of silica dust, increasing the risk of lung damage and cancer [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].
  • Abrasive blasting [7]: Using sand or other silica-containing abrasives can create significant dust clouds, causing severe respiratory hazards and long-term health issues [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].

Presenter Note: Can anyone think of other tasks or materials on our site that might expose us to silica?

Control Measures

To protect yourself from silica exposure, implement the following control measures:

  • Water Suppression: Use water sprays or integrated water systems when cutting or grinding silica-containing materials to reduce dust generation [7].
  • Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation in work areas to remove dust from the air. Use local exhaust ventilation (LEV) systems when possible [7].
  • Respiratory Protection: When other controls are not sufficient, wear a NIOSH-approved respirator. Make sure it fits properly and is well-maintained [7].
  • Work Practices: Use tools with dust collection systems, clean up dust with wet methods or HEPA vacuums, and avoid dry sweeping or compressed air, which can stir up dust [7].

Safe Work Procedures

  1. Assess the Task: Identify if the task involves silica-containing materials and the potential for dust exposure [7].
  2. Implement Controls: Use water suppression, ventilation, and other engineering controls to minimize dust generation [7].
  3. Wear PPE: Use appropriate respiratory protection and protective clothing as required [7].
  4. Monitor Exposure: Regularly monitor air quality to ensure control measures are effective [7].
  5. Clean Up Properly: Use wet methods or HEPA vacuums to clean up dust, and avoid dry sweeping or compressed air [7].

Presenter Note: Let's walk through the steps we take on this site to minimize silica exposure during [specific task].

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Requirements

  • Respirator: Use a NIOSH-approved respirator (e.g., N95, P100) when dust controls are not adequate. Ensure proper fit and maintenance [7].
  • Eye Protection: Wear safety glasses or goggles to prevent eye irritation from dust [8], [7].
  • Protective Clothing: Wear work clothes that can be easily washed and change out of work clothes before leaving the work site [8], [7].

Real-World Example or Case Study

A construction worker was cutting concrete blocks without using water suppression or respiratory protection. Over several years, he developed silicosis and eventually lung cancer. This tragic case highlights the importance of following safety protocols and using appropriate control measures to prevent silica exposure [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].

Presenter Note: Has anyone heard of similar cases or experienced health issues related to dust exposure?

Group Discussion

Discuss the following questions:

  1. What are the main sources of silica dust on our job site?
  2. What control measures do we currently use to minimize silica exposure?
  3. What improvements can we make to our current practices?

Presenter Note: Encourage everyone to share their ideas and experiences.

Emergency Procedures

In case of a silica exposure incident:

  1. Stop Work: Immediately stop the dust-generating activity [7].
  2. Evacuate: Leave the area if dust levels are high [7].
  3. Seek Medical Attention: Report any symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain to the supervisor and seek medical evaluation [7].
  4. Investigate: Investigate the cause of the exposure and implement corrective actions to prevent future incidents [7].

Questions and Answers

Encourage participants to ask questions.

  • Q: What type of respirator should I use?

A: Use a NIOSH-approved respirator appropriate for the level of silica dust exposure, such as an N95, P100, or PAPR [7].

  • Q: How often should I replace my respirator?

A: Replace respirators according to the manufacturer's instructions or when they become damaged, soiled, or difficult to breathe through [7].

  • Q: What are the early symptoms of silicosis?

A: Early symptoms may include shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, and chest pain. Report any concerns to your supervisor and seek medical advice [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].

Summary

  • Crystalline silica exposure can lead to serious health problems [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].
  • Control measures such as water suppression, ventilation, and respiratory protection are essential [7].
  • Proper work practices and PPE are critical for minimizing exposure [8], [7].
  • Report any concerns or symptoms to your supervisor immediately [7].

Action Items

  1. Review the site-specific silica control plan [7].
  2. Inspect your respirator and ensure it fits properly [7].
  3. Identify tasks that may generate silica dust and implement appropriate controls [7].

Remember: Control the dust, protect your lungs! [7]

Report all hazards, near-misses, and incidents to your supervisor immediately.

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8 source record(s)

Sources used for this answer

[1] Sakrete - Mortar Type S and N

Page 5

Open source document

Source excerpt

# Mortar Type S and N Safety Data Sheet according to the Hazard Communication Standard (CFR29 1910.1200) HazCom 2012. <table><tr><th colspan="2">Cement, portland, chemicals ([redacted postal code]-15-1)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2">USA - OSHA - Occupational Exposure Limits</td></tr><tr><td>OSHA PEL (TWA) [1]</td><td>15 mg/m3 (total dust) 5 mg/m3 (respirable fraction)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Iron oxide (Fe203) (1309-37-1)</td></tr><tr><td>USA - ACGIH - Occupational Exposure Limits</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ACGIH chemical category</td><td>Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">USA - OSHA - Occupational Exposure Limits</td></tr><tr><td>Local name</td><td>Iron oxide fume</td></tr><tr><td>OSHA PEL (TWA) [1]</td><td>10 mg/m3 (fume) 15 mg/m3 (total dust (Rouge) 5 mg/m3 (respirable fraction (Rouge)</td></tr><tr><td>Regulatory reference (US-OSHA)</td><td>OSHA Annotated Table Z-1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Limestone (1317-65-3)</td></tr><tr><td>USA - OSHA - Occupational Exposure Limits</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OSHA PEL (TWA) [1]</td><td>15 mg/m3 (total dust) 5 mg/m3 (respirable fraction)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Calcium oxide (1305-78-8)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">USA - ACGIH - Occupational Exposure Limits</td></tr><tr><td>Local name</td><td>Calcium oxide</td></tr><tr><td>ACGIH OEL TWA</td><td>2 mg/m3</td></tr><tr><td>Remark (ACGIH)</td><td>TLV® Basis: URT irr</td></tr><tr><td>Regulatory reference</td><td>ACGIH 2020</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">USA - OSHA - Occupational Exposure Limits</td></tr><tr><td>Local name</td><td>Calcium oxide</td></tr><tr><td>OSHA PEL (TWA) [1]</td><td>5 mg/m3</td></tr><tr><td>Regulatory reference (US-OSHA)</td><td>OSHA Annotated Table Z-1</td></tr></table> ## 8.2. Appropriate engineering controls Appropriate engineering controls : Ensure good ventilation of the work station. Provide readily accessible eye wash stations safety showers. Environmental exposure controls : Avoid release to the environment. …

[2] Sherwin-Williams - Duration Exterior Acrylic Latex

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Open source document

Source excerpt

# Section 8. Exposure controls/personal protection <table><tr><th></th><th></th><th>TWA 8 hours: 0.05 mg/m3. Form: respirable fraction. CA British Columbia Provincial (Canada, 4/2024) [silica, crystalline - alpha quartz and cristobalite] Carc 2A, Carc 1. TWA 8 hours: 0.025 mg/m3. Form: Respirable. CA Ontario Provincial (Canada, 6/2019) TWA 8 hours: 0.05 mg/m3. Form: Respirable particulate matter.. CA Quebec Provincial (Canada, 2/2024) TWAEV 8 hours: 0.05 mg/m3. Form: respirable aerosol fraction. CA Alberta Provincial (Canada, 3/2023) A2. OEL 8 hours: 0.025 mg/m3. Form: Respirable particulate.</th></tr></table> ## Occupational exposure limits (Mexico) <table><tr><th>Ingredient name</th><th>CAS #</th><th>Exposure limits</th></tr><tr><td>Zinc Oxide</td><td>1314-13-2</td><td>NOM-010-STPS-2014 (Mexico, 4/2016) TWA 8 hours: 2 mg/m3. Form: Respirable fraction. STEL 15 minutes: 10 mg/m3. Form: Respirable fraction.</td></tr><tr><td>Cristobalite, respirable powder</td><td>[redacted postal code]-46-1</td><td>NOM-010-STPS-2014 (Mexico, 4/2016) A2. TWA 8 hours: 0.025 mg/m3. Form: Respirable fraction.</td></tr></table> Biological exposure indices (United States) No exposure indices known. Biological exposure indices (Canada) No exposure indices known. ## Biological exposure indices (Mexico) No exposure indices known. ## Appropriate engineering controls Environmental exposure controls ## Individual protection measures Hygiene measures : : If user operations generate dust, fumes, gas, vapor or mist, use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any recommended or statutory limits. : Emissions from ventilation or work process equipment should be checked to ensure they comply with the requirements of environmental protection legislation. In some cases, fume scrubbers, filters or engineering modifications to the process equipment will be necessary to reduce emissions to acceptable leve…

[3] Sherwin-Williams - SuperPaint Interior Acrylic Latex

Page 5

Open source document

Source excerpt

# Section 8. Exposure controls/personal protection ## Control parameters Occupational exposure limits (OSHA United States) <table><tr><th>Ingredient name</th><th>CAS #</th><th>Exposure limits</th></tr><tr><td>Titanium Dioxide</td><td>[redacted postal code]-67-7</td><td>ACGIH TLV (United States, 1/2024) A3. TWA 8 hours: 2.5 mg/m3. Form: respirable fraction, finescale particles. NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2020) NIA. OSHA PEL (United States, 5/2018) TWA 8 hours: 15 mg/m3. Form: Total dust.</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium Carbonate</td><td>1317-65-3</td><td>NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2020) [calcium carbonate] TWA 10 hours: 10 mg/m3. Form: Total. TWA 10 hours: 5 mg/m3. Form: Respirable fraction. OSHA PEL (United States, 5/2018) TWA 8 hours: 15 mg/m3. Form: Total dust. TWA 8 hours: 5 mg/m3. Form: Respirable fraction.</td></tr><tr><td>Amorphous Silica</td><td>7631-86-9</td><td>NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2020) [SILICA, AMORPHOUS] NIA. TWA 10 hours: 6 mg/m3.</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum Hydroxide</td><td>[redacted postal code]-51-2</td><td>ACGIH TLV (United States, 1/2024) [Aluminum, metal and insoluble compounds] A4. TWA 8 hours: 1 mg/m3. Form: Respirable fraction.</td></tr><tr><td>Amorphous Diatomaceous Earth</td><td>[redacted postal code]-53-2</td><td>NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2020) [SILICA, AMORPHOUS] NIA. TWA 10 hours: 6 mg/m3. OSHA PEL Z3 (United States, 6/2016) [Silica, Amorphous] TWA 8 hours: 20 mppcf. TWA 8 hours: 80 / (%SiO₂) mg/m3.</td></tr><tr><td>Cristobalite, respirable powder</td><td>[redacted postal code]-46-1</td><td>ACGIH TLV (United States, 1/2024) [Silica, crystalline] A2. TWA 8 hours: 0.025 mg/m3. Form: Respirable fraction. NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2020) [SILICA, CRYSTALLINE] NIA. TWA 10 hours: 0.05 mg/m3. Form: respirable dust. OSHA PEL (United States, 5/2018) [Silica, crystalline] TWA 8 hours: 50 µg/m³. Form: Respirable dust. OSHA PEL Z3 (United States, 6/2016) TWA 8 hours: 250 / 2 X (%SiO₂+5) mppcf. Form: Respirable. TWA 8 hours: 10 / 2 (%SiO₂+2…

[4] GAF - Versashield SOLO™ Fire Resistant Slip Sheet SDS - 2113

Page 2

Open source document

Source excerpt

## SECTION 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION (cont.) GAF CHRONIC HEALTH HAZARDS: CARCINOGENICITY: SDS # 2113 cause severe respiratory irritation, skin irritation and/or eye irritation. Repeated and/or prolonged exposure to dust and fibers at concentrations in excess of exposure limits may result in respiratory damage, chronic skin irritation and/or eye injury. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) have determined that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of inhaled crystalline silica in the form of quartz or cristobalite. In addition, IARC has determined that there is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of quartz and cristobalite in experimental animals. Among individuals with silicosis, lung cancer occurs more frequently in those who smoke. Sulfuric acid contained in strong inorganic acids mists is classified as a group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). ## SECTION 3: COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS <table><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th colspan="3">OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS</th></tr><tr><td>CHEMICAL NAME</td><td>CAS #</td><td>% (BY WT)</td><td>OSHA</td><td>ACGIH</td><td>OTHER</td></tr><tr><td>Limestone</td><td>1317-65-3</td><td>35 - 45</td><td>5 mg/m3 — resp. 15 mg/m3 - total</td><td>3 mg/m3 - resp. 10 mg/m3 - total</td><td>REL: 5 mg/m3 - resp. 10 mg/m3 - total</td></tr><tr><td>Graphite</td><td>7782-42-5</td><td>10 25</td><td>15 mppcf</td><td>2 mg/m3 - resp.</td><td>REL: 2.5 mg/m3 - resp.</td></tr><tr><td>Fibrous Glass</td><td>[redacted postal code]-17-3</td><td>10 - 25</td><td>1 f/cc - resp.</td><td>1 f/cc - resp.</td><td>REL: 5 mg/m3 - total fibers</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum Trihydrate</td><td>[redacted postal code]-51-2</td><td>10 - 25</td><td>5 mg/m3 - resp. 15 mg/m3 - - total</td><td>3 mg/m3 - resp. 10 mg/m3 - total</td><td>REL: 5 mg/m3 - resp. 10 mg/m3 - total</td></tr><tr><td>Sulfuric Acid (…

[5] Sakrete - Cement Color

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Open source document

Source excerpt

# Cement Color Safety Data Sheet according to the Hazard Communication Standard (CFR29 1910.1200) HazCom 2012. <table><tr><th colspan="2">Limestone (1317-65-3)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2">USA - OSHA - Occupational Exposure Limits</td></tr><tr><td>OSHA PEL (TWA) [1]</td><td>15 mg/m3 (total dust) 5 mg/m3 (respirable fraction)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Iron oxide (Fe203) (1309-37-1)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">USA - ACGIH - Occupational Exposure Limits</td></tr><tr><td>ACGIH OEL TWA</td><td>5 mg/m3 (respirable particulate matter)</td></tr><tr><td>ACGIH chemical category</td><td>Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">USA - OSHA - Occupational Exposure Limits</td></tr><tr><td>Local name</td><td>Iron oxide fume</td></tr><tr><td>OSHA PEL (TWA) [1]</td><td>10 mg/m3 (fume) 15 mg/m3 (total dust (Rouge) 5 mg/m3 (respirable fraction (Rouge)</td></tr><tr><td>Regulatory reference (US-OSHA)</td><td>OSHA Annotated Table Z-1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Quartz ([redacted postal code]-60-7)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">USA - ACGIH - Occupational Exposure Limits</td></tr><tr><td>ACGIH OEL TWA</td><td>0.025 mg/m3 (respirable particulate matter)</td></tr><tr><td>ACGIH chemical category</td><td>Suspected Human Carcinogen</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">USA - OSHA - Occupational Exposure Limits</td></tr><tr><td>Local name</td><td>Quartz (Total Dust) (Silica: Crystalline)</td></tr><tr><td>OSHA PEL (TWA) [1]</td><td>50 µg/m³ (Respirable crystalline silica)</td></tr><tr><td>Remark (OSHA)</td><td>Table Z-3. For OSHA PEL (TWA) use formula: (30 mg/m3 / (%SiO2+2)) for mg/m3. CAS No. source: eCFR Table Z-1.</td></tr><tr><td>Regulatory reference (US-OSHA)</td><td>OSHA Annotated Table Z-3 Mineral Dusts</td></tr></table> ## 8.2. Appropriate engineering controls Appropriate engineering controls : Ensure good ventilation of the work station. Environmental exposure controls : Avoid release to the environment. ## 8.3. Individual protection measures/Personal protective…

[6] Sherwin-Williams Carpenter's Wood Filler

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Open source document

Source excerpt

# Section 8. Exposure controls/personal protection ## Control parameters Occupational exposure limits (OSHA United States) <table><tr><th>Ingredient name</th><th>CAS #</th><th>Exposure limits</th></tr><tr><td>Calcium Carbonate</td><td>471-34-1</td><td>NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2020). [calcium carbonate] TWA: 5 mg/m3 10 hours. Form: Respirable fraction TWA: 10 mg/m3 10 hours. Form: Total</td></tr><tr><td>Wollastonite</td><td>[redacted postal code]-17-0</td><td>ACGIH TLV (United States, 1/2024). TWA: 1 mg/m3 8 hours. Form: Inhalable fraction</td></tr><tr><td>Crystalline Silica, respirable powder</td><td>[redacted postal code]-60-7</td><td>OSHA PEL Z3 (United States, 6/2016). TWA: 250 mppcf / (%SiO₂+5) 8 hours. Form: Respirable TWA: 10 mg/m3 / (%SiO₂+2) 8 hours. Form: Respirable OSHA PEL (United States, 5/2018). [Silica, crystalline] TWA: 50 µg/m³ 8 hours. Form: Respirable dust ACGIH TLV (United States, 1/2024). [Silica, crystalline] TWA: 0.025 mg/m3 8 hours. Form: Respirable fraction NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2020). [SILICA, CRYSTALLINE] TWA: 0.05 mg/m3 10 hours. Form: respirable dust</td></tr></table> ## Occupational exposure limits (Canada) <table><tr><th>Ingredient name</th><th>CAS #</th><th>Exposure limits</th></tr><tr><td>Quartz</td><td>[redacted postal code]-60-7</td><td>CA British Columbia Provincial (Canada, 8/2023). [Silica, Crystalline - alpha quartz and Cristobalite] TWA: 0.025 mg/m3 8 hours. Form: Respirable CA Alberta Provincial (Canada, 3/2023). OEL: 0.025 mg/m3 8 hours. Form: Respirable particulate CA Ontario Provincial (Canada, 6/2019). [Silica, Crystalline (Quartz/Tripoli)] TWA: 0.1 mg/m3 8 hours. Form: Respirable particulate matter. CA Quebec Provincial (Canada, 2/2024). [Silica Crystalline -Quartz] TWAEV: 0.1 mg/m3 8 hours. Form: respirable aerosol fraction CA Saskatchewan Provincial (Canada, 4/2021). TWA: 0.05 mg/m3 8 hours. Form: respirable fraction</td></tr></table> Occupational exposure limits (Mexico) Date of issue/Date of revision…

[7] Sherwin-Williams - Cashmere Interior Acrylic Latex

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Open source document

Source excerpt

# Section 8. Exposure controls/personal protection ## Control parameters Occupational exposure limits (OSHA United States) <table><tr><th>Ingredient name</th><th>CAS #</th><th>Exposure limits</th></tr><tr><td>Titanium Dioxide</td><td>[redacted postal code]-67-7</td><td>ACGIH TLV (United States, 1/2024) A3. TWA 8 hours: 2.5 mg/m3. Form: respirable fraction, finescale particles. NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2020) NIA. OSHA PEL (United States, 5/2018) TWA 8 hours: 15 mg/m3. Form: Total dust.</td></tr><tr><td>Crystalline Silica, respirable powder Heavy Paraffinic Oil</td><td>[redacted postal code]-60-7 [redacted postal code]-65-0</td><td>ACGIH TLV (United States, 1/2024) [Silica, crystalline] A2. TWA 8 hours: 0.025 mg/m3. Form: Respirable fraction. NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2020) [SILICA, CRYSTALLINE] NIA. TWA 10 hours: 0.05 mg/m3. Form: respirable dust. OSHA PEL (United States, 5/2018) [Silica, crystalline] TWA 8 hours: 50 µg/m³. Form: Respirable dust. OSHA PEL Z3 (United States, 6/2016) TWA 8 hours: 250 / (%SiO₂+5) mppcf. Form: Respirable. TWA 8 hours: 10 / (%SiO₂+2) mg/m3. Form: Respirable. ACGIH TLV (United States, 1/2024) [Mineral Oil, pure, highly and severely refined] A4. TWA 8 hours: 5 mg/m3. Form: Inhalable fraction. NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2020) [OIL MIST MINERAL] TWA 10 hours: 5 mg/m3. Form: Mist. STEL 15 minutes: 10 mg/m3. Form: Mist. OSHA PEL (United States, 5/2018) [Oil mist, mineral] TWA 8 hours: 5 mg/m3.</td></tr></table> ## Occupational exposure limits (Canada) <table><tr><th>Ingredient name</th><th>CAS #</th><th>Exposure limits</th></tr><tr><td>Quartz</td><td>[redacted postal code]-60-7</td><td>CA Saskatchewan Provincial (Canada, 4/2021) TWA 8 hours: 0.05 mg/m3. Form: respirable fraction. CA British Columbia Provincial (Canada, 4/2024) [silica, crystalline - alpha quartz and cristobalite] Carc 2A, Carc 1. TWA 8 hours: 0.025 mg/m3. Form: Respirable. CA Ontario Provincial (Canada, 6/2019) [Silica, Crystalline (Quartz/Tripoli)] TWA 8 hours:…

[8] GAF - VersaShield Fire‑Resistant Roof Deck Protection SDS - 2114

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Source excerpt

## SECTION 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION (cont.) GAF SDS # 2114 CHRONIC HEALTH HAZARDS: CARCINOGENICITY: Exposure to concentrations in excess of the exposure limits may cause severe respiratory irritation, skin irritation and/or eye irritation. Repeated and/or prolonged exposure to dust and fibers at concentrations in excess of exposure limits may result in respiratory damage, chronic skin irritation and/or eye injury. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) have determined that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of inhaled crystalline silica in the form of quartz or cristobalite. In addition, IARC has determined that there is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of quartz and cristobalite in experimental animals. Among individuals with silicosis, lung cancer occurs more frequently in those who smoke. Sulfuric acid contained in strong inorganic acids mists is classified as a group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). ## SECTION 3: COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS <table><tr><th colspan="3"></th><th colspan="3">OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS</th></tr><tr><td>CHEMICAL NAME</td><td>CAS #</td><td>% (BY WT)</td><td>OSHA</td><td>ACGIH</td><td>OTHER</td></tr><tr><td>Limestone</td><td>1317-65-3</td><td>45 55</td><td>5 mg/m3 - resp. 15 mg/m3 - total</td><td>3 mg/m3 - resp. 10 mg/m3 - total</td><td>REL: 5 mg/m3 - resp. 10 mg/m3 - total</td></tr><tr><td>Graphite</td><td>7782-42-5</td><td>20 -30</td><td>15 mppcf</td><td>2 mg/m3 - resp.</td><td>REL: 2.5 mg/m3 - resp.</td></tr><tr><td>Fibrous Glass</td><td>[redacted postal code]-17-3</td><td>10 - 25</td><td>1 f/cc resp.</td><td>1 f/cc - resp.</td><td>REL: 5 mg/m3 - total fibers</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum Trihydrate</td><td>[redacted postal code]-51-2</td><td>5 10</td><td>5 mg/m3 - resp. 15 mg/m3 - total</td><td>3 mg/m3 - resp. 10 mg/m3 - total</td><td>REL: 5 mg/m3 - resp.…

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