Installation of rebar on a multilevel residential tower
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Published by SALUSThe installation of rebar on a multilevel residential tower involves several potential hazards that need to be addressed to ensure worker safety. Here's a risk assessment:
Hazards:
- Falls from Heights: This is a primary concern when working on multi-level structures. Workers can fall from unprotected edges, openings, or while moving between different levels 1, 2, 3, 7.
- Falling Objects: Tools, equipment, or rebar itself can fall and strike workers below [1].
- Structural Instability: Improperly secured rebar or overloading a structure can lead to collapses 6, 12.
- Musculoskeletal Injuries: Lifting, carrying, and placing rebar can cause strains, sprains, and other musculoskeletal disorders.
- Impalement Hazards: Protruding rebar can pose a significant impalement risk if workers fall onto it [2].
- Weather Conditions: Wind, rain, or ice can create slippery surfaces and increase the risk of falls or material handling accidents.
- Equipment Hazards: Cranes and other lifting equipment can cause struck-by or caught-between injuries if not operated safely.
Risk Assessment:
- Likelihood: The likelihood of these hazards occurring can vary from possible to likely, depending on the specific task, site conditions, and safety measures in place.
- Severity: The severity of potential injuries ranges from minor cuts and bruises to serious injuries, permanent disabilities, or fatalities.
Control Measures:
- Fall Protection:
- Guardrail Systems: Install guardrails along unprotected edges and openings 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 11.
- Safety Net Systems: Use safety nets to catch workers in case of a fall 1, 2, 3, 7, 9.
- Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS): Provide and require the use of PFAS, including harnesses, lanyards, and anchor points 1, 2, 3, 7, 9.
- Ensure proper training on the use and inspection of fall protection equipment.
- Falling Object Protection:
- Securing Loose Items: Secure all tools, equipment, and materials to prevent them from falling [1].
- Overhead Protection: Provide overhead protection for workers below where rebar is being installed [1].
- Toe Boards: Install toe boards on elevated platforms to prevent tools and materials from falling 7, 9, 11.
- Establish a drop zone and implement a "no entry" policy during lifting operations.
- Structural Stability:
- Bracing and Shoring: Use appropriate bracing and shoring to support walls and columns [3].
- Engineer Approval: Obtain written approval from a structural engineer for any modifications that affect the strength of the structure [4].
- Load Limits: Ensure that construction loads do not exceed the structure's capacity [2].
- Ergonomics:
- Proper Lifting Techniques: Train workers on proper lifting techniques to minimize strain.
- Mechanical Aids: Use mechanical aids such as cranes, hoists, and dollies to move heavy rebar bundles.
- Work/Rest Schedules: Implement work/rest schedules to reduce fatigue.
- Impalement Protection:
- Rebar Caps: Use rebar caps or bending the rebar over to eliminate impalement hazards [2].
- Weather Conditions:
- Monitor Weather: Monitor weather conditions and postpone work during high winds, heavy rain, or icy conditions.
- Slip-Resistant Surfaces: Use slip-resistant surfaces and footwear.
- Equipment Safety:
- Qualified Operators: Ensure that all equipment operators are properly trained and certified.
- Regular Inspections: Conduct regular inspections of cranes and other lifting equipment.
- Load Charts: Adhere to load charts and safe lifting practices.
- Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ):
- Establish a CDZ where metal decking is initially being installed 2, 8, 10.
- Limit access to the CDZ to only those employees engaged in leading edge work 8, 10.
- Clearly mark the boundaries of the CDZ with control lines 8, 10, 17.
- Ensure that employees working in the CDZ have completed CDZ training 2, 8, 10, 17.
Monitoring and Review:
- Regularly inspect the work area and equipment to identify and correct hazards.
- Conduct safety meetings to discuss potential hazards and safe work practices.
- Review and update the risk assessment as needed to reflect changes in site conditions or work processes.
- Investigate all incidents and near misses to prevent recurrence.
Specific Recommendations:
- Develop a site-specific erection plan that addresses the unique challenges of the project 1, 19.
- Ensure that all workers are properly trained and competent to perform their assigned tasks 2, 8, 10, 17.
- Enforce strict adherence to all safety regulations and procedures.
- Provide clear communication and coordination between all trades working on the project.
- Establish emergency procedures and ensure that all workers know what to do in case of an accident.
Sources used for this answer
[1] Occupational Safety General Regulations (N.S. Reg. 44/99)
Page 86
Open source documentSource excerpt
## Bracing and supports - 154 (1) An employer at a project shall ensure that - (a) work is completed on any component designed to support or give added support to a part of the project before proceeding with any work that adds to the load on that part; - (b) a free standing wall of brick, concrete blocks or similar materials greater than 2 m in height is braced from both sides until the wall is attached to a rigid structure and the mortar has set adequately; - (c) a free standing wall or structure designed to support roof components or any load is braced in an adequate manner to prevent collapse of the wall or structure; and - (d) a column is erected in an adequate manner to prevent collapse of the column and, where further support is required to ensure that the column does not collapse, braced in an adequate manner. - (2) An employer at a project shall use bracing or shoring for support beneath floor levels where concrete is being poured. - (3 ) An employer at a project shall - (a) ensure that bracing or shoring is designed by an engineer and is erected, maintained and dismantled in accordance with the engineer's certified specifications; or - (b) retain the bracing or shoring at all floor levels beneath the floor where concrete is being poured until the removal of the bracing or shoring is authorized in writing by an engineer. - (4) An employer shall ensure that any bracing or shoring referred to in this Section complies with the latest version of CSA standard CSA S.269.1, 'Falsework for Construction Purposes.' Subsection 154(4) amended: O.I.C. 2013-65, N.S. Reg. 53/2013. - (5) An employer shall ensure that footings for shoring and bracing are designed to support the maximum load likely to be imposed, without excessive settlement or deformation. ## By-stander safety \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
[2] Rules for the Administration of the Oregon Safe Employment Act (Construction, Division 3, OSHA Oregon)
Page 821
Open source documentSource excerpt
Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division Division 3 ## 1926.759 Falling Object Protection - (a) Securing loose items aloft. All materials, equipment, and tools, which are not in use while aloft, shall be secured against accidental displacement. - (b) Protection from falling objects other than materials being hoisted. The controlling contractor shall bar other construction processes below steel erection unless overhead protection for the employees below is provided. Stat. Auth.: ORS 654.025(2) and 656.726(4). Stats. Implemented: ORS 654.001 through 654.295. Hist: OR-OSHA Admin. Order 3-2002, f. 4/15/02, ef. 4/18/02. ## 1926.760 Fall Protection - (a) General requirements. - (1) Except as provided by paragraph (a)(3) of this section, each employee engaged in a steel erection activity who is on a walking/working surface with an unprotected side or edge more than 15 feet (4.6 m) above a lower level shall be protected from fall hazards by guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, positioning device systems or fall restraint systems. - (2) Perimeter safety cables. On multi-story structures, perimeter safety cables shall be installed at the final interior and exterior perimeters of the floors as soon as the metal decking has been installed. - (3) Connectors and employees working in controlled decking zones shall be protected from fall hazards as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, respectively. - (b) Connectors. Each connector shall: - (1) Be protected in accordance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section from fall hazards of more than two stories or 30 feet (9.1 m) above a lower level, whichever is less; - (2) Have completed connector training in accordance with 1926.761; and - (3) Be provided, at heights over 15 and up to 30 feet above a lower level, with a personal fall arrest system, positioning device system or fall restraint system and wear the equipment necessary to be able to be tied off; or be provided with other…
[3] Rules for the Administration of the Oregon Safe Employment Act (Construction, Division 3, OSHA Oregon)
Page 765
Open source documentSource excerpt
Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division Oregon Administrative Rules Division 3 Running bond (half bond) is a bond pattern in which block are placed half way over units directly below creating a staggered look. - Safe location is an area at a jobsite that employees can take refuge in order to avoid hazardous conditions. - Stack bond is a bond pattern in which blocks are stacked directly over each other (not lapped longitudinally) creating continuous joints both vertically and horizontally. - Straight coil loop insert is a wall insert that loops around the structural rebar and is suitable for the attachment of braces in a structural masonry wall. Minimum size of a coil loop insert is 3/4 inch. Structural rebar is rebar that extends full length or height and can be spliced per required lap. Stat. Auth.: ORS 654.025(2) and 656.726(4). Stats. Implemented: ORS 654.001 through 654.295. Hist: OR-OSHA Admin. Order 1-2003, f.1/30/03, ef. 4/30/03. ## 1926.701 General Requirements - (a) Construction loads. No construction loads shall be placed on a concrete structure or portion of a concrete structure unless the employer determines, based on information received from a person who is qualified in structural design, that the structure or portion of the structure is capable of supporting the loads. - (b) Reinforcing steel. All protruding reinforcing steel, onto and into which employees could fall, shall be guarded to eliminate the hazard of impalement. - (c) Post-tensioning operations. - (1) No employee (except those essential to the post-tensioning operations) shall be permitted to be behind the jack during tensioning operations. - (2) Signs and barriers shall be erected to limit employee access to the posttensioning area during tensioning operations. - (d) Riding concrete buckets. No employee shall be permitted to ride concrete buckets. - (e) Working under loads.
[4] HIOSH Construction Standards: Occupational Safety and Health (12-8-3)
Page 21
Open source documentSource excerpt
- (19) - 29 C.F.R. §1926.757(a)(2)(i)(D) is amended to read as follows: Be included in the structure specific erection drawings and site-specific erection plans. - (20) 29 C.F.R. §1926.757(a)(7) is amended to read as follows: - No modification that affects the strength of a steel joist or steel joist girder shall be made without the written approval of the project structural engineer of record. - (21) 29 C.F.R. §1926.757(d)(6)(i) is amended to read as follows: - The bridging shall be indicated on the structure specific erection drawing; (22) 29 C.F.R. §1926.760 is amended to read as follows: - (A) General requirements. - (i) Each employee including connectors, engaged in a steel erection activity who is on a walking/working surface with an unprotected side or edge ten (10) feet (3.1 m) or more above a lower level shall be protected from fall hazards by guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, positioning device systems or fall restraint systems. - (ii) Perimeter safety cables. On multi-story structures, perimeter safety cables shall be installed at the final interior and exterior perimeters of the floors as soon as the metal decking has been installed. Perimeter safety cables shall meet the criteria for guardrail systems in 29 C.F.R. 1926 Subpart R Appendix G.
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