make a jha for sand carrier transport using vessel

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# How do I "identify potential hazards"? (cont.) ## 1. Eliminate the hazard (cont.) If the hazard cannot be eliminated, contact might be prevented by using enclosures, machine guards, worker booths or similar devices. These are generally engineering controls. ## 3. Revise work procedures Consideration might be given to modifying steps which are hazardous, changing the sequence of steps, or adding additional steps (such as locking out energy sources). Work procedures and training fall under administrative controls. ## 4. Reduce the exposure These measures are the least effective and should only be used if no other solutions are possible. One way of minimizing exposure is to reduce the number of times the hazard is encountered. An example would be modifying machinery so that less maintenance is necessary. The use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be required. To reduce the severity of an incident, emergency facilities, such as eyewash stations, may need to be provided. This preventive measure is also an administrative control. Reducing the exposure may include using personal protective equipment. It is important to note that personal protective equipment can limit exposure to the harmful effects of a hazard, but only if the personal protective equipment is worn and used correctly. In listing the preventive measures, do not use general statements such as "be careful" or "use caution." Specific statements which describe both what action is to be taken and how it is to be performed are preferable. The recommended measures are listed in the right-hand column of the worksheet, numbered to match the hazard in question. For example: Job Safety Analysis CCOHS

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# What are the benefits of doing a job safety analysis? (cont.) ## How do I break the job into "basic steps"? (cont.) Care must be taken not to make the steps too general. Missing specific steps may make it difficult to identify potential hazards. On the other hand, if the steps are too detailed, the job safety analysis will be too long. A rule of thumb is that most jobs can be described in less than ten steps. If more steps are required, you might want to divide the job into two segments, each with its separate job safety analysis, or combine steps where appropriate. As an example, the job of changing a flat tire will be used throughout this document. An important point to remember is to keep the steps in their correct sequence. Any step that is out of order may cause a team to miss potential hazards or introduce hazards which do not actually exist. Make notes about what is done rather than how it is done. Start each item with an action verb. Appendix A (below) illustrates a format that can be used as a worksheet to prepare a job safety analysis. Job steps are recorded in the left-hand column, as shown here: <table><tr><th>Sequence of Events (Steps)</th><th>Potential Incidents or Hazards</th><th>Preventive Measures</th></tr><tr><td>1. Park vehicle</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2. Remove the spare tire and tool kit</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3. Pry off the hub cap and loosen lug bolts (nuts)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>And so on</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table> This part of the analysis is usually prepared by knowing the basic steps of a job or watching a worker do the job. The observer is normally the immediate supervisor. However, a more thorough analysis often happens by having another person, preferably a member of the health and safety committee, participate in the observation. Key points are less likely to be missed in this way. The job observer should have experience with the task and be capable in all parts of the job. The reason…

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# How do I "identify potential hazards"? (cont.) <table><tr><th>Sequence of Events</th><th>Potential Incidents or Hazards</th><th>Preventive Measures</th></tr><tr><td>1. Park vehicle</td><td>a) Vehicle too close to passing traffic b) Vehicle on uneven, soft ground c) Vehicle may roll</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2. Remove the spare tire and tool kit</td><td>a) Strain from lifting spare tire</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3. Pry off the hub cap and loosen lug bolts (nuts)</td><td>a) Hub cap may pop off and hit you b) Lug wrench may slip</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>And so on</td><td>a)</td><td></td></tr></table> Again, all participants should jointly review this part of the analysis. ## How do I "determine preventive measures?" The next step in a job safety analysis is to determine ways to eliminate the hazards or control the risks identified. Hazards should be controlled using the hierarchy of controls. The hierarchy of controls is a step-by-step approach to eliminating or reducing workplace hazards. For more information, please see the OSH Answers on Hierarchy of Controls. Following the same principles as the hierarchy of controls, you would implement preventive measures in the following order of preference: ## 1. Eliminate the hazard Elimination is the most effective measure. These techniques should be used to eliminate the hazards: - Choose a different process - Modify an existing process - Substitute with less hazardous product - Improve environment (e.g., ventilation) - Modify or change equipment or tools In the hierarchy of controls, these would be elimination or substitution controls. 2. Contain the hazard Job Safety Analysis CCOHS

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# What are the benefits of doing a job safety analysis? The initial benefits of developing a job safety analysis will become clear in the preparation stage. The analysis process may identify previously undetected hazards and increase the job knowledge of those participating. Safety and health awareness is raised, communication between workers and supervisors is improved, and acceptance of safe work procedures is promoted. A job safety analysis, or a written work procedure based on it, can form the basis for regular contact between supervisors and workers. It can serve as a teaching aid for initial job training and as a briefing guide for infrequent jobs. It may be used as a health and safety inspection or observation standard. In particular, a job safety analysis will assist in completing comprehensive incident investigations. A job safety analysis is a good opportunity to observe a worker actually perform the job. The major advantage of observing the task is that it does not rely on individual memory and that observing or performing the process prompts the recognition of hazards. For infrequently performed or new jobs, observation may not be practical. Another approach is to have a group of experienced workers and supervisors complete the analysis through discussion. An advantage of this method is that more people are involved in a wider base of experience and promoting a more ready acceptance of the resulting work procedure. Members of the health and safety committee should also participate in this process. ## Who should conduct a job safety analysis? A job safety analysis can be conducted by a supervisor, health and safety specialist, or health and safety committee member. Generally, a small team which includes experienced workers and supervisors can analyze a job together through observation and discussion. By collaborating with the workers who are performing the job, there will be an increased acceptance of the resulting procedure and controls. In additio…

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# How do I "identify potential hazards"? (cont.) ## 4. Reduce the exposure (cont.) <table><tr><th>Sequence of Events</th><th>Potential Incidents or Hazards</th><th>Preventive Measures</th></tr><tr><td>1. Park vehicle</td><td>a) Vehicle too close to passing traffic b) Vehicle on uneven, soft ground c) Vehicle may roll</td><td>a) Drive to an area clear of traffic. Turn on emergency flashers. b) Choose a firm, level parking area. c) Apply the parking brake; leave the transmission in PARK; place blocks in front and back of the wheel diagonally opposite to the flat.</td></tr><tr><td>2. Remove the spare tire and tool kit</td><td>a) Strain from lifting the spare tire</td><td>a) Turn the spare into an upright position in the wheel well. Using your legs and standing as close as possible, lift the spare out of the trunk and roll it to the flat tire.</td></tr><tr><td>3. Pry off the hub cap and loosen lug bolts (nuts)</td><td>a) Hub cap may pop off and hit you b) Lug wrench may slip</td><td>a) Pry off the hub cap using steady pressure. b) Use a proper lug wrench; apply steady pressure slowly.</td></tr><tr><td>And so on</td><td>a)</td><td>a)</td></tr></table> ## How should I communicate the information to everyone? A job safety analysis is a useful technique for identifying hazards so that workers and supervisors can take measures to eliminate or control hazards. The job safety analysis breaks down the job into steps that can be understood clearly; however, the table format may not always be the best way to communicate the information. Once the analysis is completed, the results must be communicated to all workers who are or will be performing that job. The side-by-side format used in JSA worksheets is not ideal for instructional purposes. Better results can be achieved by using a narrative-style communication format. For example, the work procedure based on the partial job safety analysis developed as an example in this document might start out like this: ## 1. Park vehic…

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# Hazard and Risk - Hazard Identification (cont.) ## How are hazards identified? (cont.) - Job descriptions and demands analysis - Job safety analysis - Incident investigations - Documents and records - Hazard reporting by employees - Hazard mapping To be sure that all hazards are found: - Look at all aspects of the work and include non-routine activities such as maintenance, repair, or cleaning. - Look at the physical work environment, equipment, materials, products, etc. that are used. - Include the various steps that make up a task or activity. - Look at injury and incident records. - Talk to the workers: they know their job and its hazards best. - Include all shifts and people who work off-site, either at home, on other job sites, drivers, teleworkers, or with clients. - Look at the way the work is organized or done by different individuals (including the experience of people doing the work, systems being used, if alternate methods are being used, etc.). - Look at foreseeable unusual conditions (for example, possible impact on hazard control procedures that may be unavailable in an emergency situation, power outage, etc.). - Determine whether a product, machine, or equipment can be intentionally or unintentionally changed (such as a safety guard that could be removed). - Review all of the phases of the lifecycle of processes, products, and services (such as design, transportation, construction, dismantling, and disposal). - Examine risks to visitors or the public. - Consider the groups of people that may have a different level of risk, such as young or inexperienced workers, persons with disabilities, or new or expectant mothers. - Consider the psychosocial aspects of the job and the hazards that could be created. ## What types of hazards are there? A common way to classify hazards is by category: Hazard and Risk - Hazard Identification CCOHS

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CCOHS CCHST Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Centre canadien d'hygiène et de sécurité au travail Health and Safety Programs # Job Safety Analysis ## On this page <table><tr><th>What is a Job Safety Analysis?</th><th>How do I "identify potential hazards"?</th></tr><tr><td>What are the benefits of doing a job</td><td>How do I "determine preventive</td></tr><tr><td>safety analysis?</td><td>measures?"</td></tr><tr><td>Who should conduct a job safety.</td><td>How should I communicate the</td></tr><tr><td>analysis?</td><td>information to everyone?</td></tr><tr><td>What are the basic steps?</td><td>Appendix A: Sample Form for Job</td></tr><tr><td>What is important to know when</td><td>Safety Analysis Worksheet</td></tr><tr><td>"selecting the job"?</td><td>Appendix B: Sample Forms for Tasks</td></tr><tr><td>How do I break the job into "basic</td><td>and Job Inventory</td></tr><tr><td>steps"?</td><td></td></tr></table> ## What is a Job Safety Analysis? A job safety analysis (JSA) is a process which helps assess a job to identify hazards and necessary control measures. In a job safety analysis, each basic step of the job is broken down into steps to identify potential hazards and to recommend the safest way to do the job. Other terms used to describe this procedure are job hazard analysis (JHA) and job hazard breakdown. Some individuals prefer to expand the analysis into all aspects of the job, not just safety. This approach is known as total job analysis. Methodology is based on the idea that safety is an integral part of every job, not a separate entity. In this document, only health and safety aspects will be considered. The terms "job" and "task" are commonly used interchangeably to mean a specific work assignment, such as "operating a grinder," "using a pressurized water extinguisher," or "changing a flat tire." Generally, a job or task can be further divided into many smaller steps. Job safety analyses are not suitable for jobs defined too bro…

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# How is a risk assessment done? (cont.) ## How do you know if the hazard will cause harm (poses a risk)? (cont.) - The number of people that could be impacted. - Working alone or in a remote area. ## How are risks ranked or prioritized? Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one way to help determine which hazards are the most serious and, thus, which to control first. Priority is usually established by taking into account the probability of employee exposure to the hazard and the potential severity of an incident, injury or illness associated with the hazard. By assigning a priority to the hazards based on the risks, you are creating a ranking or an action list. Risk assessments with clearly defined parameters for probability and severity will make it easier to determine which hazards should be addressed first. ## What risk assessment methods should be used? Numerous methods exist to analyze risk, and the method used will depend on many factors, including the experience level of the risk assessment team, the scope, the data available, and the level of detail required to adequately understand the risks. There is no one simple or single way to determine the level of risk. Nor will a single method apply in all situations. The organization has to determine which method will work best for each situation. Ranking hazards requires knowledge of workplace activities, the urgency of situations, and, most importantly, objective judgment. For simple or less complex situations, an assessment can literally be a discussion or brainstorming session based on knowledge and experience. In some cases, checklists or a risk matrix can be helpful. For more complex situations, a team of knowledgeable personnel who are familiar with the work and risk assessment methodologies is usually necessary. Depending on the circumstances or situation being assessed, the legislation may specify how the risk assessment needs to be done, including what personnel need to be involved. Depending on t…

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# How is a risk assessment done? (cont.) ## Basic Qualitative Methods (cont.) <table><tr><th></th><th>Low Severity</th><th>Medium Severity</th><th>High Severity</th></tr><tr><td>Low Probability</td><td>Very Low Risk</td><td>Low Risk</td><td>Medium Risk</td></tr><tr><td>Medium Probability</td><td>Low Risk</td><td>High Risk</td><td>High Risk</td></tr><tr><td>High Probability</td><td>Medium Risk</td><td>High Risk</td><td>Immediately Dangerous</td></tr></table> Severity ratings in this example represent: - High severity: fatal disease or injury, permanent disability, irreversible health effects, major fracture, poisoning, significant loss of blood, or serious head injury - Medium severity: sprain, strain, localized burn, dermatitis, asthma, injury requiring limited days off work Low severity: an injury that requires first aid only; short-term pain, irritation, or dizziness Probability ratings in this example represent: - High probability: likely to be experienced once a year or more by an individual - Medium probability: may be experienced once every five years by an individual - Low probability: may occur once during a working lifetime The priority for addressing hazards should be based on their risk rating. You can also develop general actions that correspond to the risk rating, such as: - Immediately dangerous: stop the process and implement controls immediately - High risk: investigate the process and implement controls immediately - Medium risk: keep the process going; however, a control plan must be developed and should be implemented as soon as possible - Low risk: keep the process going, but monitor regularly. A control plan should also be investigated. - Very low risk: keep monitoring the process Hazard and Risk - Risk Assessment CCOHS

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# How do I "identify potential hazards"? Once the basic steps have been recorded, actual and potential hazards must be identified at each step. Based on observations of the job, knowledge of incident and injury causes, and personal experience, list the things that could be unsafe at each step. A second observation of the job being performed may be needed. Since the basic steps have already been recorded, more attention can now be focused on each hazard. At this stage, no attempt is made to solve any problems or correct any hazards which may have been detected. To help identify potential hazards, the job analyst may use questions such as these (this is not a complete list): - Can any body part get caught in or between objects? - Do tools, machines, or equipment present any hazards? - Can the worker make harmful contact with moving objects? - Can the worker slip, trip, or fall? - Can the worker suffer strain from lifting, pushing, or pulling? - Is the worker exposed to extreme heat or cold? - Is excessive noise or vibration a problem? - Is there a danger from falling objects? - Is lighting a problem? - Can weather conditions affect safety? - Is harmful radiation a possibility? - Can contact be made with hot, toxic, or caustic products? - Are there dusts, fumes, mists, or vapours in the air? Potential hazards are listed in the middle column of the worksheet, numbered to match the corresponding job step. For example: Job Safety Analysis CCOHS

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# What are the benefits of doing a job safety analysis? (cont.) ## Who should conduct a job safety analysis? (cont.) The basic steps in conducting a job safety analysis are: - Select the job to be analyzed - Break the job down into a sequence of steps - Identify potential hazards - Determine preventive measures to control these hazards - Communicate the results ## What is important to know when "selecting the job"? Ideally, all jobs should be subjected to a job safety analysis. In some cases, practical constraints are posed by the amount of time and effort required to do a job safety analysis. Another consideration is that each job safety analysis will require revision whenever equipment, raw materials, processes, or the environment changes. For these reasons, it is usually necessary to identify which jobs are to be analyzed. Even if an analysis of all jobs is planned, this step ensures that the most critical jobs are examined first. Factors to be considered in setting a priority for the analysis of jobs include: - Incident frequency and severity: jobs where incidents occur frequently or where they occur infrequently but result in serious injuries. - Potential for severe injuries or illnesses: the consequences of an incident, hazardous condition, or exposure to harmful products are potentially severe. - Newly established jobs: due to lack of experience in these jobs, hazards may not be evident or anticipated. - Modified jobs: new hazards may be associated with changes in job procedures. - Infrequently performed jobs: workers may be at greater risk when undertaking non- routine jobs, and a JSA provides a means of reviewing hazards. ## How do I break the job into "basic steps"? After a job has been chosen for analysis, the next stage is to break the job into steps. A job step is defined as a segment of the operation necessary to advance the work. Job Safety Analysis CCOHS