Generate HS Manual for Construction Project

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# What are examples of responsibilities of safety coordinators? (cont.) ## How do you establish safe work procedures? (cont.) - New or modified jobs. - Infrequently performed jobs, such as maintenance. Job safety analysis is generally carried out by observing a worker doing the job. Members of the joint health and safety committee should participate in this process. The reason for the exercise must be clearly explained to the worker, emphasizing that the job, not the individual, is being studied. Another approach, useful in the analysis of infrequently-performed or new jobs, is group discussion. A work procedure may consist of more than one specific task. In such cases, each separate task should be analyzed to complete a job safety analysis for that procedure. The final version of the safe work procedure should be presented in a narrative style format that outlines the correct way to do the job in a step-by-step outline. The steps are described in positive terms, pointing out the reasons why they are to be done in this way. Reference may be made to applicable rules and regulations and to the personal protective equipment required, if any. Workers who carry out the tasks should be consulted in developing the procedure. ## Example Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Worksheet Industry: Construction Operation: Road repair Job: Pavement repair <table><tr><th>Task</th><th>Who does it</th><th>Hazards</th><th>How to prevent injury/accident</th></tr><tr><td>Operating jack-hammer</td><td>Joe Doe</td><td>- noise - vibration</td><td>- ear protectors - vibration absorbing gloves</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table> ## Applicable Legislation: OH&S Act and Regulations: (refer to the act a…

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# How is a risk assessment done? In general, to do an assessment, you should: 1. Assemble a risk assessment team. Assessments should be done by a competent person or team of individuals who have a good working knowledge of the situation being studied. Include the supervisors and workers who work with the process under review on the team or as sources of information, as these individuals are the most familiar with the operation. The health and safety committee or representative should also be consulted. 2. Select the job or process to assess. Refer to the above section, "When should a risk assessment be done", to help prioritize your assessments. Ideally, risk assessments should be done for all jobs. Jobs or tasks with higher injury and illness rates, worker concerns, and other factors should be considered first. 3. Break down the job or process into tasks. Divide the job or process into tasks or basic steps to better understand the hazards. 4. Identify the hazards of each task. After the basic steps or tasks have been recorded, identify the hazards of each step or task. List the hazards based on observations and inspections, previous causes of incidents and injuries, feedback from workers and supervisors directly involved in the task, and other considerations. 5. Assess the risk of each hazard. For each hazard, determine the likelihood of harm, such as an injury or illness occurring, and its severity. Use a risk assessment method appropriate for your workplace (see further below for details on risk assessment methods). Consider normal operational situations as well as non-standard events such as maintenance, shutdowns, power outages, emergencies, extreme weather, etc. Review all available health and safety information about the hazard, such as Safety Data Sheet (SDS), manufacturer's literature, information from reputable organizations, results of testing, workplace inspection reports, records of workplace incidents (accidents), including information about the …

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260 TABLE 8 [Definition of “high‑hazard work” in section 5‑1] Activities That Constitute High Hazard Work Building construction Drilling for gas, oil and minerals Service for gas and oil wells and power tong service Logging Sawmilling Iron and steel processing and fabrication Road construction, earthwork, tunnelling and trenching Local and provincial hauling and trucking Mining and smelting Exploration drilling, shaft sinking, quarrying and crushing of rocks Manufacturing of concrete block, brick, artificial stone and other clay and cement products Power line construction and maintenance. TABLE 9 [Clause 5‑5(1) (a) and subsection 5‑5(5)] Summary of First Aid Personnel Requirements1 Every place of employment requires a first aid kit containing standard supplies as identified through a workplace first aid risk assessment, a manual, a register and emergency information. First aid personnel requirements are listed below and are based on the level of risk associated with the work carried out at the place of employment as determined by a workplace first aid risk assessment: No. of Workers Low Risk Moderate Risk High Risk 2 - 25 26 - 50 • Class A attendant • Class A attendant • Class A attendant • Class B attendant 51 - 100 • Class A attendant • Class A attendant • Class B attendant 100 + • 2 Class A attendants • 2 Class A attendants • 2 Class B attendants • Class A attendant • Class A attendant • Class B attendant • Class A attendant • Class B attendant • 1 person with a license • to practice • 2 Class A attendants • 2 Class B attendants • 1 person with a license • to practise OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY, 2020S-15.1 REG 10

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# Enclosure and Isolation (cont.) ## Work Practices (cont.) - Keeping equipment well maintained. - Preparing and training for emergency response for incidents such as spills, fire, or employee injury. ## Education and Training Employee education and training on how to conduct their work safely is a critical element of any complete workplace health and safety program. Training must cover not only how to do the job safely but it must also ensure that workers understand the hazards and risks of their job, and the controls in place to protect them. It must also provide them with information on how to protect themselves and co-workers. ## Good Housekeeping Good housekeeping is essential to prevent the accumulation of hazardous or toxic materials (e.g., build-up of dust or contaminant on ledges, or beams), or hazardous conditions (e.g., poor stockpiling). For more information about workplace housekeeping, please see the OSH Answers document Workplace Housekeeping - Basic Guide. For more information about combustible dust, please see the OSH Answers document Combustible Dusts. Figure 4 Emergency Preparedness Hazard and Risk - Hierarchy of Controls CCOHS

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# Enclosure and Isolation (cont.) ## Good Housekeeping (cont.) Being prepared for emergencies means making sure that the necessary equipment and supplies are readily available and that employees know what to do when something unplanned happens such as a release, spill, fire, or injury. These procedures should be written and employees should have the opportunity to practice their emergency response skills regularly. Please see the OSH Answers document on emergency_planning for more information. ## Personal Hygiene Practices and Facilities Personal hygiene practices are another effective way to reduce the amount of a hazardous material absorbed, ingested, or inhaled by a worker. Examples of personal hygiene practices include: - Washing hands after handling material and before eating, drinking or smoking. - Avoiding touching lips, nose, and eyes with contaminated hands. - No smoking, drinking, chewing gum or eating in the work areas - these activities should be permitted only in a "clean" area. - Not storing hazardous products in the same refrigerator as food items. Please see the OSH Answers documents on Workplace Housekeeping, Hand Washing: Reducing the Risk of Common Infections and Good Hygiene Practices - Reducing the Spread of Infections and Viruses for more information. ## What should I know about personal protective equipment (PPE) as a hazard control method? Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to anything workers wear to help protect them from workplace hazards. The use of PPE as the main method to control exposures should be limited to situations where elimination, substitution, engineering, or administrative controls are not practicable, or when: - Additional protection is required because other control methods are not sufficient to reduce the hazard - The hazard is a result of a temporary or emergency condition PPE limits exposure to the harmful effects of a hazard but only if the PPE is worn and used correctly. Examples of PPE inclu…

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# How is a risk assessment done? (cont.) - The methods and procedures used in the processing, use, handling, or storage of the substance, etc. - The actual and the potential exposure of workers (e.g., how many workers may be exposed, what that exposure is or will be, and how often they will be exposed). - The measures and procedures necessary to control such exposure by means of engineering controls, work practices, and hygiene practices and facilities. - The duration and frequency of the task (how long and how often a task is done). - The location where the task is done. - The machinery, tools, materials, etc., that are used in the operation and how they are used (e.g., the physical state of a chemical or lifting heavy loads for a distance). - Any possible interactions with other activities in the area and if the task could affect others (e.g., cleaners, visitors, etc.). - The lifecycle of the product, process, or service (e.g., design, construction, uses, decommissioning). - The education and training the workers have received. - How a person would react in a particular situation (e.g., what would be the most common reaction by a person if the machine failed or malfunctioned). It is important to remember that the assessment must take into account not only the current state of the workplace but any potential situations as well. By determining the level of risk associated with the hazard, the employer and the health and safety committee (where appropriate) can decide whether a control program is required and to what level. See a sample risk assessment form. ## How are the hazards identified? Overall, the goal is to find and record possible hazards that may be present in your workplace. It may help to work as a team and include both people familiar with the work area, as well as people who are not - this way you have both the experienced and fresh eye to conduct inspections and evaluations. In either case, the person or team should be competent to carr…

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# Hazard and Risk - Risk Assessment (cont.) ## What is the goal of risk assessment? (cont.) a. What can happen, and under what circumstances? b. What are the possible consequences? C. How likely are the possible consequences to occur? d. How severe are the possible consequences? e. Has an adequate level of risk reduction been achieved, or is further action required? ## When should a risk assessment be done? There may be many reasons a risk assessment is needed, including: - Before new processes or activities are introduced. - Before changes are introduced to existing processes or activities, including when products, machinery, tools, or equipment change. - When new information concerning harm becomes available. - When hazards are identified. - Before working in a new environment. - When new information on hazard controls or good practices becomes available. - Before performing maintenance or commissioning of equipment - Before completing routine or non-routine tasks. - When the legislation requires a risk assessment to be done. ## How do you plan for a risk assessment? In general, determine: - What the scope of your risk assessment will be (e.g., be specific about what you are assessing such as the lifetime of the product, the physical area where the work activity takes place, or the types of hazards). - The resources needed (e.g., training a team of individuals to carry out the assessment, the types of information sources, etc.). - What type of risk analysis measures will be used (e.g., how exact the scale or parameters need to be in order to provide the most relevant evaluation)? - Who are the stakeholders involved (e.g., manager, supervisors, workers, worker representatives, suppliers, etc.). - What relevant laws, regulations, codes, or standards may apply in your jurisdiction, as well as organizational policies and procedures? Hazard and Risk - Risk Assessment CCOHS

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# Construction Worker - General (cont.) ## What are some health and safety issues for construction workers? (cont.) Working in adverse weather conditions (such as cold, heat, high winds , or lightning. - Working with hand tools, powered tools and heavy powered equipment. - Excess vibration in the hands, arms or body from powered tools or equipment. - Confined spaces. - Noise. - Working at heights. - Working with portable ladders and fixed ladders. - Electrical hazards. - Hazardous energy control including lockout/tag out. - Working with cranes, hoists, and other material handling equipment. - Slips, trips and falls. - Respiratory hazards from wood dust. - Explosion and fire hazards from combustible dusts. - Stress. - Shift work or extended work days. - Working alone. - Struck by mobile equipment. - Maintaining good housekeeping. - Workplace violence and harrassment. ## What are some preventive measures for construction workers? - Scan the workplace for existing and potential hazards before work begins and take appropriate controls. Be aware that conditions can change constantly. - Inspect all equipment and machinery for any defects before work begins. - Keep tools and equipment in good working order. Use correct personal protective equipment and apparel, including safety footwear. - Keep all work areas clear of clutter and equipment. - Avoid awkward body positions or take frequent breaks. - Learn safe lifting techniques. Construction Worker - General CCOHS

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# Why is worker orientation important? (cont.) ## How do you design an education or training program? (cont.) - Hazard identification, hazard control, and risk assessment. - Emergency procedures. - Incident investigation. - Conducting planned inspections. - Auditing skills. - Training. - Planned task observation. - Communication skills. - Motivation and discipline. - Managing workers. - Off the job safety. - Problem solving skills. - First aid. - Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)/chemical safety. - Industrial hygiene and medical surveillance programs. - Duty to accommodate. When providing training, an instructor should: - Receive training in how to instruct. - Prepare an orderly plan for instruction. - Explain the reasons why each step must be done in a certain way. All instructors should: - Plan the session beforehand, break the job down into steps, and have training aids available. - Explain what is to be done. - Describe all the hazards and protective measures. - Demonstrate each step, stress key points, and answer any questions. - Have the worker carry out each step, correct errors, and compliment good performance. Check frequently after the worker is working independently to ensure correct performance. Documented correct work procedures are very important in job skills training. Health and Safety Program - General Elements CCOHS

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# Hazard and Risk - Hazard Identification (cont.) ## What types of hazards are there? (cont.) - Biological - bacteria, viruses, fungi, insects, plants, and animals. - Chemical - depends on the physical, chemical, and toxic properties of the product - Ergonomic - repetitive movements, improper setup of workstations, etc. - Physical - radiation, magnetic fields, temperature extremes, pressure extremes (high pressure or vacuum), noise, vibration, etc. - Psychosocial - stress, violence, harassment, etc. - Safety. - slipping or tripping hazards, inappropriate machine guarding, equipment malfunctions or breakdowns. ## How do I know what is a hazard? Another way to look at health and safety in your workplace is to ask yourself the following questions. These are examples only. You may find other items or situations that can be a hazard. List any item that should be examined. During the risk assessment process, the level of harm will be assessed. What materials or situations do I come into contact with? Possibilities could include: - Electricity. - Chemicals (liquids, gases, solids, mists, vapours, etc.). - Temperature extremes of heat or cold (such as working outdoors, bakeries, foundries, or meat processing). - lonizing and non-ionizing radiation (such as x-rays, ultraviolet (sun) rays). - Asphyxiants (oxygen deficiency) - Working on or near water or ice-covered water. What materials or equipment could I be struck by? - Moving objects (such as forklifts, overhead cranes, vehicles). - Flying objects (such as sparks or shards from grinding). - Falling material (such as tools and equipment from above). What objects or equipment could strike or hit my body, or that part of my body might be caught in, on, or between? - Stationary or moving objects. - Protruding objects. - Sharp or jagged edges. Hazard and Risk - Hazard Identification CCOHS

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# Construction Worker - General (cont.) ## What are some preventive measures for construction workers? (cont.) - Have training before beginning any task, especially high-risk activities such as working at heights, hazardous energy control (lockout/tag out), or confined space entry. - Follow a recommended shiftwork pattern, and be aware of the associated hazards. - Be aware of seasonal hazards from working in extreme temperatures. - Know how to get help in an emergency for working alone situations. - Be aware of the emergency response plans before work begins. ## What are some good general safe work practices? - Follow safety procedures for: - Confined space entry - Working at heights - Electrical safety - Lockout/tagout of machinery - Machinery and safeguard - Ladders - Material handling - Working with tools and equipment - Working alone - Extreme work temperatures - Fire safety. - Practice safe lifting techniques. - Know how to identify hazards - Follow company safety rules and safe operating procedures. - Stay informed about chemical hazards and WHMIS 2015. - Know how to report a hazard. - Follow good housekeeping procedures. ## Where can I get more information? General information is available in OSH Answers or through the CCOHS person-to-person Inquiries Service. Construction Worker - General CCOHS

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# Hazard and Risk - Risk Assessment (cont.) ## What is a risk assessment? (cont.) Risk - the combination of probability and severity that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard. Risk can also be applied to situations with property or equipment damage, or harmful effects on the environment. Probability - the extent to which an event is likely to occur. The probability of harm may also be referenced as the likelihood of harm. Severity - the seriousness of an incident, injury, or illness. Severity, or consequence, describes the highest level of damage possible from a hazard and is often described in terms such as catastrophic, critical, moderate, minor, or negligible. In general, risk can be expressed as: Risk = probability X severity Hazard control - control measure(s) and action(s) taken to reduce the risk of a hazard based on the risk assessment. Hazard control should also include monitoring, re- evaluation, and compliance with decisions (the term "controls" or "control measures" are also used and have the same meaning). Recommending or determining hazard controls may be incorporated into the risk assessment process, or completed separately following a risk assessment. For definitions and more information about what hazards and risks are, please see the OSH Answers document Hazard and Risk. ## Why is risk assessment important? Risk assessments are very important as they form an integral part of an occupational health and safety management plan. They help to: - Create awareness of hazards and risks. - Identify who may be at risk (e.g., workers, cleaners, visitors, contractors, the public, etc.). - Determine whether a control program is required for a particular hazard. - Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if more should be done. Prevent injuries - or illnesses, especially when done at the design or planning stage. - Prioritize hazards and control measures. - Meet legal requirements …