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Write a risk assessment for Chemistry

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A chemistry laboratory risk assessment should begin by identifying the substances, quantities, physical forms, tasks, and credible failure scenarios involved in the activity. Maintain an accurate chemical inventory, review each chemical's SDS, and assess the likely spill size, exposure routes, incompatibilities, fire/explosion potential, and consequences to workers, facilities, and the environment. SDS sections are central to this process: hazard identification, first aid, accidental release, handling/storage, and exposure controls provide the baseline information needed to judge risk and define controls. [6] [6] [3]

For COSHH-style compliance, assess hazardous substances before work starts, determine who may be exposed and how, prevent exposure where reasonably practicable, and otherwise adequately control it using engineering controls, safe systems of work, hygiene measures, and PPE. The assessment should be task-specific and should consider routine work, cleaning, maintenance, foreseeable spills, and waste handling. Use SDS information and a job-hazard/PPE assessment to document hazards, required controls, emergency actions, and any exposure monitoring or health surveillance needs for higher-risk substances. [7] [7] [11]

Key elements to include in the laboratory risk assessment:

  • Chemical identity, concentration, quantity, and physical form
  • Hazard classes and specific health/physical/environmental hazards from the SDS
  • Exposure routes: inhalation, skin/eye contact, ingestion, injection, and dust generation
  • Task details: transfer, mixing, heating, reaction, distillation, sampling, cleaning, and waste handling
  • Potential for incompatible reactions, ignition, pressure buildup, or toxic gas release
  • Required engineering controls, PPE, supervision, training, and emergency equipment
  • Spill response method, waste stream, and reporting/escalation criteria

[11] [3] [4] Chemical handling procedures should require workers to read the SDS before use, use the smallest practical quantity, avoid direct contact, prevent inhalation of vapors, mists, and dusts, and keep chemicals away from ignition sources and incompatible materials. Good laboratory hygiene should prohibit eating, drinking, and smoking in work areas, require handwashing after handling chemicals, and require contaminated clothing to be removed and decontaminated before reuse. Particularly hazardous chemicals and volatile solvents should be handled in a chemical fume hood. [3] [5] [8]

Exposure control should follow the hierarchy of controls. First use substitution, scale reduction, closed systems, and process design to reduce hazard. Then apply engineering controls such as chemical fume hoods, local exhaust ventilation, adequate general ventilation, and explosion-proof ventilation/electrical equipment where flammable vapors may be present. Administrative controls should include SOPs, restricted access, training, labeling, housekeeping, and exposure time minimization. Respirators should only be used when engineering and work-practice controls are insufficient and must be selected under a compliant respiratory protection program. [5] [8] [10]

PPE guidance:

  • Minimum for most wet-chemistry work: lab coat, safety glasses or chemical goggles, suitable chemical-resistant gloves, long trousers, and closed-toe shoes
  • Use splash goggles and a face shield for corrosives or high-splash tasks
  • Use chemical-resistant apron, sleeves, or suit when there is a risk of significant skin exposure
  • Select gloves by chemical compatibility, breakthrough time, task duration, and dexterity needs
  • Use respiratory protection only when justified by the risk assessment and managed under a formal respirator program
  • Reassess PPE whenever the chemical, concentration, scale, or task changes

[10] [9] [7] Storage and labeling controls should ensure every container is clearly identified, kept tightly closed, and stored by hazard compatibility rather than alphabetically. Segregate flammables, corrosives, oxidizers, toxics, water-reactives, and incompatible reagents; use ventilated flammable storage where required; protect from heat, sparks, sunlight, and pressure buildup as specified by the SDS. Secondary containment should be used where leaks could spread, and waste/disposal containers must also be labeled with contents and hazards. [3] [9] [1]

Spill response planning should distinguish between minor spills that trained laboratory staff can manage and larger or more hazardous releases that require evacuation and specialist response. Only trained personnel with the correct equipment should attempt cleanup. Typical immediate actions are to alert others, isolate the area, don appropriate PPE, stop the leak if safe, remove ignition sources for flammables, ventilate, prevent entry to drains, contain the spill with compatible absorbents, and collect residues into compatible labeled waste containers. Do not mix incompatible wastes, and do not dry sweep fine toxic powders if that would make them airborne. [4] [2] [1] [1]

Spill kit contents should match the chemicals present.

  • Chemical-appropriate PPE
  • Compatible absorbents and neutralizers
  • Tools for collection such as scoops, shovel, broom/dustpan, or suitable vacuum
  • Heavy-duty waste bags or compatible disposal containers
  • Hazardous waste labels
  • Caution tape or barriers to isolate the area
  • First aid supplies and communication device
  • Specialty kits for mercury, hydrofluoric acid, strong acids/bases, or other high-hazard chemicals

[2] [2] Waste disposal procedures should require segregation by hazard class and compatibility, use of closed compatible containers, clear labeling, and disposal in accordance with local hazardous waste and environmental requirements. Never pour laboratory chemicals to drain unless specifically authorized by local rules and the chemical assessment. Leave headspace in liquid waste containers, keep incompatible wastes separate, and document accumulation, transfer, and disposal routes. [4] [1] [1]

Emergency procedures should cover exposure first aid, eyewash/shower use, fire response, evacuation, spill escalation, and incident reporting. SDS Section 4 provides first-aid instructions by route of exposure, and SDS Section 5 provides firefighting information. In the event of personal contamination, immediate decontamination takes priority: remove contaminated clothing, use the emergency shower for skin exposure, and flush eyes for at least 15 minutes or longer if the SDS requires it. Eyewash stations and safety showers should be located close to the workstation. [3] [2] [5]

Regulatory safety compliance for chemistry activities should include, at minimum, compliance with hazard communication/WHMIS labeling and SDS access, documented risk assessments, employee training, PPE hazard assessment, respiratory protection requirements where respirators are used, emergency planning, hazardous waste rules, and any applicable fire code or hazardous materials code requirements. Exposure limits from OSHA, ACGIH, or other applicable authorities should be used to judge adequacy of controls for airborne contaminants. For higher-hazard substances such as benzene, epichlorohydrin, aniline, beryllium, and corrosive acids, the assessment should explicitly address low exposure limits, skin absorption potential, ignition control, and specialist storage/handling requirements. [11] [7] [6]

In practice, a suitable chemistry laboratory assessment should end with a written SOP or experiment-specific control sheet that states: the hazards, incompatibilities, maximum scale, required hood/ventilation, PPE, storage location, waste route, spill method, first-aid actions, emergency contacts, and stop-work/escalation criteria.

11 source record(s)

Sources used for this answer

[1] Spill Response - Chemicals

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CCOHS CCHST Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Centre canadien d'hygiène et de sécurité au travail # Chemicals and Materials # Spill Response - Chemicals ## How can a workplace prepare for a chemical spill response? Most workplaces have products that are used and stored on their premises. Some may have a small amount (only a few litres of cleaning products, for example), while others may have significant quantities of chemicals in different physical forms. Each of these workplaces should develop and implement measures appropriate for the chemicals and quantity present. - Perform and maintain an accurate inventory of all chemicals in your workplace. - Use the information provided in safety data sheets (SDSs) and other technical data to identify the hazardous properties of the chemicals (e.g., flammable, corrosive, oxidant, reactivity with water, air toxicity). - Conduct a risk assessment. Identify the amount or size of the potential spills and the potential and severity to workers' health, the workplace, and the environment. - Based on the chemical's physical state (e.g., liquid or solid, including powders), determine the best methods to prevent, control, stabilize, and clean that spill. - Identify the materials, equipment, and personal protective equipment needed. The respiratory protection and protective clothing must be compatible with the chemical. Not all personal protective equipment will be compatible with all chemicals. - Develop a spill control procedure. - Make a spill response kit that contains chemical- or process-specific materials, the corresponding personal protective equipment, and other needed equipment. Make sure the kits are available near the work area and well-stocked at all times. - Train the workers to know the hazards of the chemicals they work with and how to respond to a spill. - Establish a spill response team as needed. Some useful standards to consult when developing a spill response plan include: - Nation…

[2] WHMIS - Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

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# WHMIS - Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (cont.) ## What information is on the SDS? (cont.) <table><tr><th></th><th></th><th>Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighters</th></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Accidental release measures</td><td>Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Handling and storage</td><td>Precautions for safe handling Conditions for safe storage (including incompatible materials)</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Exposure controls/ Personal protection</td><td>Control parameters, including occupational exposure guidelines or biological exposure limits and the source of those values Appropriate engineering controls Individual protection measures (e.g., personal protective equipment)</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Physical and chemical properties</td><td>Physical state Colour Odour Melting point and Freezing point Boiling point, or initial boiling point and boiling range Flammability Lower flammable or explosive limit Upper flammable or explosive limit Flash point Auto-ignition temperature Decomposition temperature pH Kinematic viscosity Solubility</td></tr></table> WHMIS - Safety Data Sheet (SDS) CCOHS

[3] Safety Data Sheet - Polymaleic Acid

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# AK Scientific, Inc. Safety Data Sheet (United States) Polymaleic acid Page 3 of 5 container when not in use. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances. Keep away from sources of ignition. ,Store long-term in a cool, dry place. ## 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection ## Exposure limits: OSHA PEL: Not available. NIOSH REL: Not available. ACGIH TLV: Not available. Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product. Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash fountain. Use adequate general and local exhaust ventilation to keep airborne concentrations low. ## Personal protection Eyes: Based on an evaluation of the eye or face hazards present, wear chemical splash-resistant safety glasses or goggles with side protection. A face shield may be appropriate in some workplaces. Use eyewear tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as OSHA 29 CFR 1910.133 or EU EN166. Hands: Wear gloves selected based on an evaluation of the possible hazards to hands and skin, the duration of use, the physical conditions of the workplace, and the chemical resistance and physical properties of the glove material. Skin and body: Protective clothing must be selected based on the hazards present in the workplace, the physical environment, the duration of exposure, and other factors. No fabric can provide protection against all potential hazards; therefore it is important to select the appropriate protective clothing for each specific hazard. At the minimum, wear a laboratory coat and close-toed footwear. Respiratory: Respirators are not a substitute for accepted engineering control measures such as enclosure or confinement of the operation, general and local ventilation, and substitution of less toxic materials. When respiratory personal protective equipment is appropriate based on an assessmen…

[4] Safety Data Sheet - Mineral Spirits

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# Section 8. Exposure controls/personal protection [kerosene] Absorbed through skin. TWAEV: 200 mg/m3 8 hours. ## Occupational exposure limits (Mexico) <table><tr><th></th><th>CAS #</th><th>Exposure limits</th></tr><tr><td>Light Aliphatic Hydrocarbon</td><td>[redacted postal code]-47-8</td><td>ACGIH TLV (United States, 1/2024). [Kerosene] Absorbed through skin. TWA: 200 mg/m3, (as total hydrocarbon vapor) 8 hours.</td></tr></table> Biological exposure indices (United States) No exposure indices known. Biological exposure indices (Canada) No exposure indices known. Biological exposure indices (Mexico) No exposure indices known. <table><tr><th>Appropriate engineering : controls</th><th>Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any recommended or statutory limits. The engineering controls also need to keep gas, vapor or dust concentrations below any lower explosive limits. Use explosion-proof ventilation equipment.</th></tr><tr><td>Environmental exposure : controls</td><td>Emissions from ventilation or work process equipment should be checked to ensure they comply with the requirements of environmental protection legislation. In some cases, fume scrubbers, filters or engineering modifications to the process equipment will be necessary to reduce emissions to acceptable levels.</td></tr><tr><td>Individual protection measures</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hygiene measures :</td><td>Wash hands, forearms and face thoroughly after handling chemical products, before eating, smoking and using the lavatory and at the end of the working period. Appropriate techniques should be used to remove potentially contaminated clothing. Wash contaminated clothing before reusing. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are close to the workstation location.</td></tr><tr><td>Eye/face protection :</td><td>Safety eyewear complying with an approved standa…

[5] Safety Data Sheet - Benzene

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# Benzene (cont.) ## 3. Composition/Information on Ingredients (cont.) Benzene Revision Date 03-Apr-2024 <table><tr><th colspan="2">6. Accidental release measures</th></tr><tr><td>Personal Precautions</td><td>Use personal protective equipment as required. Ensure adequate ventilation. Keep people away from and upwind of spill/leak. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Remove all sources of ignition. Take precautionary measures against static discharges.</td></tr><tr><td>Environmental Precautions</td><td>Do not flush into surface water or sanitary sewer system.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Methods for Containment and Clean Soak up with inert absorbent material. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal. Up Remove all sources of ignition. Use spark-proof tools and explosion-proof equipment.</td></tr></table> <table><tr><th colspan="2">7. Handling and storage</th></tr><tr><td>Handling</td><td>Wear personal protective equipment/face protection. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. Use only under a chemical fume hood. Do not breathe mist/vapors/spray. Do not ingest. If swallowed then seek immediate medical assistance. Keep away from open flames, hot surfaces and sources of ignition. Use only non-sparking tools. To avoid ignition of vapors by static electricity discharge, all metal parts of the equipment must be grounded. Take precautionary measures against static discharges.</td></tr><tr><td>Storage.</td><td>Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place. Flammables area. Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Incompatible Materials. Strong oxidizing agents.</td></tr></table> ## 8. Exposure controls / personal protection ## Exposure Guidelines <table><tr><th>Component</th><th>ACGIH TLV</th><th>OSHA PEL</th><th>NIOSH</th><th>Mexico OEL (TWA)</th></tr><tr><td>Benzene</td><td>TWA: 0.5 ppm STEL: 2.5 ppm Skin</td><td>(Vacated) TWA: 10 ppm Ceiling: 25 ppm (Vacated) STEL: 50 ppm (Vacated) Ceiling: 25 ppm TWA: 10 ppm TWA: 1 ppm STEL: 5…

[6] Spill Response - Chemicals

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# Spill Response - Chemicals (cont.) ## How can a workplace prepare for a chemical spill response? (cont.) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Guide for Using Aqueous Foams to Control the Vapor Hazard from Immiscible Volatile Liquids (USA) ## What should a chemical spill control procedure include? A spill control procedure should define and establish the following: - Definition of what that workplace considers to be small and large spills, including the types of spills that can be handled internally versus the spills that a specialized spill response team should handle. Generally speaking: - A small spill is one that is of a limited quantity, does not spread fast, and does not place workers, the workplace, or the environment in danger. - A specialized spill response should be used where there is a risk of fire or explosion or the chemical is highly toxic. - Who is to respond to the spill and their contact information - Spill prevention measures to be followed. These measures may include using double-wall tanks, secondary containment, and following safe handling and storing procedures. - Instructions on how to control spills of specific chemicals, and when safe to do so. - The appropriate method to reduce the hazard of the spilled chemical (e.g., stabilization, neutralization, dilution, etc.). - Clean-up procedures. - Area decontamination procedures. - How to dispose of the contaminated materials. These materials should be disposed of according to local regulatory requirements for environmental protection. - First aid procedures. - List of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) - Decontamination procedures for the personal protective equipment (PPE), as appropriate - Reporting procedures for all spills and near-misses, such as to a specified person or department, or the health and safety committee. - Determine which spills must be reported to local authorities, especially if the spill has leaked into the drains or …

[7] Spill Response - Chemicals

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# Spill Response - Chemicals (cont.) ## What should a chemical spill control procedure include? (cont.) - Sound any required alarm, and isolate or evacuate the area as needed - Put on the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., respirator, if there is an inhalation hazard, protective clothing, gloves, footwear, and eye and face protection) - If safe to do so, try to stop the leak (e.g., close valves, upright the container, etc.) - If safe to do so, control sources of ignition if flammable products are spilled. Make sure the area is well-ventilated - Determine what level of response is required - Liquids: If the chemical spill is a liquid, contain the spill by diking, using universal absorbent socks, boom, pillows, or other absorbent materials (e.g., activated charcoal, vermiculite, absorbent clay, sawdust) compatible with the spilled chemical. - If the spilled chemical is an oxidizer, do not use materials such as sawdust to absorb it because it can catch fire. - Do not allow the chemical to enter any drains or sewers. Cover floor openings if necessary, or direct the flow away from them - Neutralize acids or bases (alkaline) according to the manufacturer's or supplier's instructions. - Leave at least 20% air space in bottles of liquid waste. This space gives room for vapour expansion and will reduce spills that occur by overfilling - Solids: If the spilled material is in solid form (such as granules or powder), determine if it is safe to dry sweep or vacuum, or if wet techniques are required. For example, do not sweep chemicals that are in fine powder form, as sweeping will make the powder airborne. Use appropriate vacuum cleaners and filters. If the product is toxic or contains asbestos, silica, or carcinogens, use industrial vacuum cleaners designed especially for such jobs - Decontaminate or dispose of personal protective equipment - Store the absorbent materials and the spilled chemical in labelled disposal containers made of comp…

[8] Safety Data Sheet - Formic Acid

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# SAFETY DATA SHEET (cont.) ## Protective Equipment and Precautions for Firefighters (cont.) Formic acid Revision Date 25-Nov-2022 <table><tr><th></th><th>6. Accidental release measures</th></tr><tr><td>Personal Precautions</td><td>Use personal protective equipment as required. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Keep people away from and upwind of spill/leak. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Take precautionary measures against static discharges.</td></tr><tr><td>Environmental Precautions</td><td>Should not be released into the environment. Do not flush into surface water or sanitary sewer system. See Section 12 for additional Ecological Information.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Methods for Containment and Clean Soak up with inert absorbent material. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal. Up Remove all sources of ignition. Use spark-proof tools and explosion-proof equipment.</td></tr></table> <table><tr><th colspan="2">7. Handling and storage</th></tr><tr><td>Handling</td><td>Use only under a chemical fume hood. Wear personal protective equipment/face protection. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. Do not breathe mist/vapors/spray. Do not ingest. If swallowed then seek immediate medical assistance. Keep away from open flames, hot surfaces and sources of ignition. Use only non-sparking tools. Take precautionary measures against static discharges.</td></tr><tr><td>Storage.</td><td>Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place. Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Containers should be vented periodically in order to overcome pressure buildup. Store in explosion-proof refrigerator. Flammables area. Incompatible Materials. Strong oxidizing agents. Metals. Finely powdered metals. Strong bases.</td></tr></table> ## 8. Exposure controls / personal protection ## Exposure Guidelines <table><tr><th>Component</th><th>ACGIH TLV</th><th>OSHA PEL</th><th>NIOSH</th><th>Mexico OEL (TWA)</th></tr><tr><t…

[9] Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheet (OSHA Brief)

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# Section 2: Hazard(s) Identification (cont.) ## Section 4: First-Aid Measures This section describes the initial care that should be given by untrained responders to an individual who has been exposed to the chemical. The required information consists of: - Necessary first-aid instructions by relevant routes of exposure (inhalation, skin and eye contact, and ingestion). - Description of the most important symptoms or effects, and any symptoms that are acute or delayed. - Recommendations for immediate medical care and special treatment needed, when necessary. ## Section 5: Fire-Fighting Measures This section provides recommendations for fighting a fire caused by the chemical. The required information consists of: - Recommendations of suitable extinguishing equipment, and information about extinguishing equipment that is not appropriate for a particular situation. - Advice on specific hazards that develop from the chemical during the fire, such as any hazardous combustion products created when the chemical burns. - Recommendations on special protective equipment or precautions for firefighters. ## Section 6: Accidental Release Measures This section provides recommendations on the appropriate response to spills, leaks, or releases, including containment and cleanup practices to prevent or minimize exposure to people, properties, or the environment. It may also include recommendations distinguishing between responses for large and small spills where the spill volume has a significant impact on the hazard. The required information may consist of recommendations for: - Use of personal precautions (such as removal of ignition sources or providing sufficient ventilation) and protective equipment to prevent the contamination of skin, eyes, and clothing. - Emergency procedures, including instructions for evacuations, consulting experts when needed, and appropriate protective clothing. - Methods and materials used for containment (e.g., covering the drains and …

[10] Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Assessment

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# What types of PPE may be necessary? Your hazard assessment should determine if your employees need any of the following types of PPE: - Eye and face protection ◆ Fall protection - Foot protection • Hand/general skin protection - Head protection • Hearing protection • Leg protection ● Personal floatation device • Respiratory protection • Torso/general body protection ## How to do a PPE hazard assessment ## Do a baseline survey to identify workplace hazards A baseline survey is a thorough evaluation of your entire workplace - including work processes, tasks, and equipment - that identifies safety and health hazards. A complete survey will tell you what the hazards are, where they are, and how severe a potential injury could be. ## Suggestions: Use safety data sheets (SDS) to identify chemical hazards. A safety data sheet has detailed information about a hazardous chemical's health effects, its physical and chemical characteristics, and safe handling practices. Review equipment owner and operator manuals to determine the manufacturer's safety warnings and recommended PPE. Conduct a job-hazard analysis (JHA) - a method of identifying, assessing, and controlling hazards associated with specific jobs. A JHA breaks down a job into tasks. You evaluate each task to determine if there is a safer way to do it. A job-hazard analysis works well for jobs with difficult-to-control hazards and jobs with histories of accidents or near misses. JHAS for complex jobs can take a considerable amount of time and expertise to develop. You may want to have a safety professional help you. Have an experienced safety professional survey your workplace with you. 4

[11] Spill Response - Chemicals

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# Spill Response - Chemicals (cont.) ## What should be in a spill response kit? (cont.) - Personal protective equipment appropriate for the chemicals present - Absorbent material or other methods to contain the spills (e.g., sand, absorbent socks, etc.) - Neutralizing material - Shovel, scoops, pans, containers, vacuum, broom, and dustpan, as needed, and made of appropriate material - Heavy-duty trash bags or containers for the waste - Labels for identification of the hazardous waste - Caution tape to isolate the spill area - First aid supplies, where appropriate - Other equipment as needed, such as tongs or forceps to pick up broken glass - Communication devices (e.g., radio, phone) Specialty spill kits may be necessary for chemicals such as mercury, acids, bases, hydrofluoric acid, etc. ## What are some precautions to know when a spill occurs? - Only attempt to clean a spill if you are adequately trained to do so and have the correct equipment - Leave the area immediately if you are not trained to handle the spill or if it is clearly beyond your control - If you are ever in doubt of your ability to clean a chemical spill safely, evacuate the area and call for help - Alert other people in the area to the emergency - If there is a risk to the area, pull the fire alarm (or use a designated alarm signal) and evacuate - Report the problem to those responsible for handling spill response or emergencies - If possible, and if safe to do so, contain the source of the spill or leak and turn off any sources of ignition (open flames, electrical equipment, etc.) - First aid is always the top priority. If you spill a hazardous chemical on yourself, remove any potentially contaminated clothing immediately and use the emergency shower. If the chemical enters your eye, flush for at least 15 minutes at the eyewash station. For some chemicals, you may need to flush for up to 60 minutes - review the SDS beforehand and know the rinsing times. - Only trained peopl…

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