Write a toolbox talk on Basics

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# Welding - Overview of Types and Hazards (cont.) ## What, in general, are the hazards associated with welding? (cont.) <table><tr><th rowspan="2">HAZARD</th><th colspan="4">WELDING PROCESS</th></tr><tr><td>PAW/PAC Air Carbon Arc Processes</td><td>SMAW GTAW GMAW FCAW</td><td>SAW</td><td>Oxyfuel</td></tr><tr><td>Ergonomic</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electric Shock</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Bright light</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultraviolet radiation</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td>X</td></tr><tr><td>Toxic fumes and gases</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heat, fire and burns</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Noise</td><td></td><td>X</td><td>X</td><td>X</td></tr></table> X indicates no hazards, indicates hazard present, () indicates hazard present if SAW flux is absent. Fact sheet last revised: 2021-10-29 ## Disclaimer Although every effort is made to ensure the accuracy, currency and completeness of the information, CCOHS does not guarantee, warrant, represent or undertake that the information provided is correct, accurate or current. CCOHS is not liable for any loss, claim, or demand arising directly or indirectly from any use or reliance upon the information. Welding - Overview of Types and Hazards CCOHS

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NEW YORK COMMITTEE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH NYCOSH # Respirator Basics ## What Is a Respirator? A respirator is a type of personal protective equipment (PPE). It is worn over the nose and mouth. Some respirators also cover the face and eyes. A respirator can protect you against breathing in harmful contaminants that are in the air - if you use it properly. (Do not use dust masks or surgical masks. They are not respirators. They will not protect you.) ## What Are the Different Kinds of Respirators? Air Purifying Respirators (APRs) use filters or filter cartridges to prevent dangerous substances that are in the air from getting inside your respirator. This allows you to breathe clean air. exhalation ports Two types of Air Purifying Respirators Supplied Air Respirators (SARS) prevent air from the workplace from entering your respirator. Instead, clean air comes from a tank on your back or through an airline that brings air from a clean area. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) (One type of Supplied Air Respirator) ## Types of Air Purifying Respirators Disposable N95 Disposable N95 with Exhalation Port Disposable N95 Air Purifying Respirator (basic protection, cheapest). Must be labeled with the words "NIOSH" and "N95." If it does not have these words, don't use it! Half Face Air Purifying Respirator with replaceable N100, R100, or P100 filter cartridges (better protection, more expensive). Full Face Air Purifying Respirator with replaceable N100, R100, or P100 filter cartridges (still better protection, more expensive). Full Face Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) with replaceable N100, R100, or P100 filter cartridges (best protection, most expensive). Page 1 of 2 | Respirator Basics www.nycosh.org

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# Industrial Ventilation - 1. Introduction (cont.) ## 9. Glossary of Common Terms The above documents do not cover indoor air quality and general ventilation as used in offices, homes, and other non-industrial settings. Please see the OSH Answers document Indoor Air Quality - General for more information. ## What is industrial ventilation? Ventilation is the act of bringing in "fresh" outdoor air or exchanging the air. Ventilation can be thought of as controlling the environment by using airflow. General or natural ventilation is referred to as "dilution ventilation". Dilution ventilation is used to control exposure to airborne contaminants. It is commonly used to remove contaminants such as fumes, dusts, and vapours in order to provide a healthy and safe working environment. Dilution ventilation can be accomplished by natural means (e.g., opening a window) or mechanical means (e.g., fans or blowers that clear a general space). Industrial ventilation systems are designed to move out (exhaust) and bring in (intake) a specific amount of air at a specific speed (velocity), which results in the removal of undesirable contaminants in a specific area or space. While all ventilation systems follow the same basic principles, each system is designed specifically to match the type of work and the rate of contaminant release by an industrial process. ## Why have an industrial ventilation system? Ventilation is considered an "engineering control" to remove or control contaminants released in indoor work environments. It is one of the preferred and more effective ways to control employee exposure to contaminants released by a process into the air. Other ways to control contaminants include: - eliminate the use of the hazardous product, - substitute with less toxic products, - process change, or - work practice change. ## What is the purpose of a ventilation system? There are four purposes of ventilation: 1. Provide a continuous supply of fresh outside air. Indus…

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CCOHS CCHST Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Centre canadien d'hygiène et de sécurité au travail Cold Environments # Cold Environments - Overview ## On this page Why should we be concerned about working in the cold? How does cold affect work performance? What are some jobs where cold may. be a hazard? Is there a minimum temperature at which work becomes dangerous and should be stopped? What are the warning signs of hypothermia? Are there exposure limits for working in cold environments? What should be done when working in cold environments? Where can I find more information? ## Why should we be concerned about working in the cold? Working in cold environments can be hazardous to your health, including life-threatening illnesses. It is critical that the body be able to preserve its core body temperature steady at 37°C (98.6°F). This thermal balance must be maintained to maintain normal body functioning and provide energy for activity or work. When the body temperature is too low, it can affect the brain, making it difficult for a worker to think clearly or move well. The body's ability to generate heat (our metabolism) must be able to overcome the challenges presented by low temperature, wind and wetness. This document focuses on working in cold conditions. Please see the OSH Answers Hot Environments - Overview and Humidex Rating and Work for more information on temperature conditions. ## How does cold affect work performance? Uncomfortably cold working conditions can lead to lower work efficiency and higher incident rates. Cold-related discomfort reduces mental alertness and impairs the performance of complex mental tasks. Cold Environments - Overview CCOHS

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# Cold Environments - Overview (cont.) ## What are the warning signs of hypothermia? (cont.) For more information, please see our OSH Answers documents on Cold Environments - Health Effects and First Aid # Are there exposure limits for working in cold environments? In Canada, legislation from some jurisdictions provides a range of acceptable temperatures for specific circumstances, including minimum temperatures for indoor environments. In other cases, occupational health and safety jurisdictions use the Threshold Limit Values® for cold stress published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Some Canadian jurisdictions have adopted these TLVs® as legal occupational exposure limits, and others use them as guidelines. Where there are no maximum or minimum exposure limits for cold working environments, there are guidelines that can be used to assess hazards, create safe work plans, and monitor conditions to protect the health and safety of workers. Where there are differences between the recommendations made by various organizations (and where there are no established limits or guidelines from your jurisdiction), employers are encouraged to choose a system that best provides protection for their workforce. For example, ACGIH (2024) suggests a work-warming regimen when work is done continuously in the cold when the wind chill temperature is at or below -7°C (19.4°F). In these conditions, heated warming shelters such as tents, cabins, or restrooms should be made available nearby and used regularly. Workers should be encouraged to use these shelters, depending on the severity of the exposure. If signs of cold stress are noticed, workers should return to the shelter immediately. For work at or below -12°C (10.4°F), work should include: - constant observation (supervisor or buddy system) - adjusting the pace or rate of work so that it is not too high and cause heavy sweating that will result in wet clothing - time for new employe…