Confined space risk assessment
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Published by SALUSConfined Space Entry Risk Assessment ====================================
Assessment Date: \[DATE]
Assessor: \[ASSESSOR NAME]
Department/Area: \[DEPARTMENT/AREA]
Review Date: \[REVIEW DATE]
1\. Assessment Scope
This risk assessment covers all confined space entry activities undertaken by personnel. It includes assessing hazards associated with the confined space itself, the tasks performed within it, and the equipment used. The scope includes identifying potential atmospheric hazards, physical hazards, and any other conditions that could pose a risk to entrants. Excluded from this assessment are spaces not meeting the definition of a confined space as per regulatory guidelines, and entry procedures not adhering to the established confined space program.
2\. Risk Assessment Methodology
This risk assessment employs a 5x5 risk matrix to determine risk ratings based on likelihood and severity. The hierarchy of controls is strictly followed to identify and implement appropriate control measures, starting with elimination and substitution, followed by engineering controls, administrative controls, and finally, personal protective equipment. The assessment is conducted by a qualified person with adequate knowledge, training, and experience in the recognition, evaluation, and control of confined space hazards.
3\. Risk Matrix Reference
The following matrix is used to evaluate risk levels based on likelihood and severity:
| Likelihood |
|---|
| Rare | Unlikely | Possible | Likely | Almost Certain | | Severity | Catastrophic | Low | Low | Medium | High | Extreme | | Major | Low | Medium | Medium | High | High | | Moderate | Low | Medium | High | High | Extreme | | Minor | Medium | Medium | High | Extreme | Extreme | | Negligible | Medium | High | High | Extreme | Extreme |
4\. Hazard Identification and Risk Evaluation
1\. Oxygen deficiency or enrichment within the confined space.
Potential Consequences: Asphyxiation, loss of consciousness, death. [8] [8]
Affected Persons: Workers, Attendants, Rescue Personnel
Initial Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Possible | Major | Medium |
Control Measures
- Eliminate the need for entry if possible.
- Implement a strict permit-required confined space program.
- Ensure continuous atmospheric monitoring.
- Provide appropriate respiratory protection (SCBA)
Residual Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Unlikely | Major | Low |
2\. Presence of flammable or explosive atmosphere.
Potential Consequences: Fire, explosion, burns, death. [8]
Affected Persons: Workers, Attendants, Rescue Personnel
Initial Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Possible | Major | Medium |
Control Measures
- Ventilate the confined space to remove flammable gases or vapors.
- Use intrinsically safe equipment.
- Implement hot work permits where applicable.
- Continuously monitor the atmosphere for flammable substances.
Residual Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Unlikely | Major | Low |
3\. Uncontrolled release of hazardous energy (electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, etc.).
Potential Consequences: Electrocution, crushing injuries, burns, chemical exposure. [6]
Affected Persons: Workers
Initial Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Unlikely | Major | Medium |
Control Measures
- Lockout/Tagout procedures for all energy sources.
- Physically disconnect or isolation blanks bolted in place on pipes.
- Use two blocking valves, with an open vent or bleed valve between the blocking valves when isolating pipelines or similar conveyances to prevent entry of materials and hazardous contaminants.
Residual Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Rare | Major | Low |
4\. Engulfment in liquids or free-flowing solids.
Potential Consequences: Suffocation, drowning, crushing injuries. [6]
Affected Persons: Workers
Initial Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Unlikely | Major | Medium |
Control Measures
- Remove any liquids or free-flowing solids from the confined space.
- Implement barriers to prevent entry of liquids or solids.
- Continuous monitoring by attendant.
Residual Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Rare | Major | Low |
5\. Exposure to toxic or corrosive substances.
Potential Consequences: Skin irritation, chemical burns, respiratory illness, poisoning. [8]
Affected Persons: Workers
Initial Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Possible | Moderate | Medium |
Control Measures
- Provide appropriate PPE (respirators, gloves, eye protection, etc.).
- Implement decontamination procedures.
- Ensure proper hygiene practices.
Residual Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Unlikely | Moderate | Low |
6\. Heat stress due to high temperatures within the confined space.
Potential Consequences: Heat exhaustion, heat stroke. [9]
Affected Persons: Workers
Initial Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Possible | Moderate | Medium |
Control Measures
- Provide adequate ventilation.
- Use cooling vests or other cooling devices.
- Implement work/rest cycles.
- Provide adequate hydration.
Residual Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Unlikely | Moderate | Low |
7\. Slips, trips, and falls due to inadequate lighting or slippery surfaces.
Potential Consequences: Sprains, fractures, contusions. [9]
Affected Persons: Workers
Initial Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Possible | Minor | Medium |
Control Measures
- Ensure adequate lighting.
- Remove slip and trip hazards.
- Provide appropriate fall protection.
Residual Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Unlikely | Minor | Low |
8\. Electrical shock from faulty equipment.
Potential Consequences: Electrocution, burns. [9]
Affected Persons: Workers
Initial Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Unlikely | Major | Medium |
Control Measures
- Ensure equipment is properly grounded.
- Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs).
- Regularly inspect electrical equipment.
Residual Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Rare | Major | Low |
9\. Lack of communication between workers inside the confined space and the outside attendant.
Potential Consequences: Delayed response to emergencies, injuries. [4]
Affected Persons: Workers
Initial Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Possible | Moderate | Medium |
Control Measures
- Provide training on hazard recognition and avoidance.
- Ensure clear communication between workers, attendant, and emergency response team.
- Implement a buddy system.
Residual Risk Assessment
| Likelihood | Severity | Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Unlikely | Minor | Low |
5\. General Control Measures
- Use warning signs to prevent unauthorized entry to the confined space.
Ensure signs are visible and clearly indicate the hazards present. [2]
- All potentially hazardous energy sources such as electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, or thermal must be de-energized (or isolated) and locked out prior to entry to the confined space so that equipment cannot be turned on unintentionally.
Follow established lockout/tagout procedures. [6]
- A written copy of operating and rescue procedures as required by these procedures shall be at the work site for the duration of the job.
Ensure all workers have access to and are familiar with the procedures. [7]
6\. Emergency Preparedness
- In the event of an alarm from monitoring equipment or any other indication of danger, workers should immediately leave the confined space. [2]
- Rescue personnel who are qualified in confined spaces rescue procedures should be available immediately nearby the confined space to provide emergency assistance if needed. The rescue personnel should be familiar with the structural design of the confined space. [5]
- The detailed plan for emergency response to an injury or other emergency within the confined space should be described in detail in the confined space hazard assessment and control program. [5]
7\. Training Requirements
- Confined Space Entry Training: All workers who enter confined spaces must be trained in hazard recognition, atmospheric testing, use of PPE, and emergency procedures. [3]
- Attendant Training: Attendants must be trained in monitoring procedures, communication protocols, and rescue techniques.
- Supervisor Training: Supervisors must be trained in permit issuance, hazard assessment, and enforcement of safety procedures.
- Gas Detection Equipment Training: Personnel using gas detection equipment must be trained in its proper use, calibration, and maintenance. [7]
8\. Monitoring and Review
Review Frequency: Annually, and after any incident or changes to procedures
| Monitoring Type | Frequency | Responsible Party | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Regular Inspection | Continuous during entry | Attendant | Continuous atmospheric monitoring for oxygen levels, flammable gases, and toxic substances. |
| Regular Inspection | Before each entry and every 4 hours during entry | Attendant | Regular inspection of ventilation equipment to ensure proper functioning. |
| Audit | After each entry | Supervisor | Review of entry permits to ensure all required information is complete and accurate. |
| Audit | Annually | Safety Officer | Periodic review of confined space program and procedures. [1] |
9\. Special Circumstances
- Work during hot weather may increase the risk of heat stress. Implement additional cooling measures and increase hydration breaks.
- Night work may reduce visibility. Ensure adequate lighting is provided.
- Lone work is prohibited in confined spaces. An attendant must always be present.
Approval and Sign-off
This risk assessment has been reviewed and approved by:
Assessor: _________________________ Date: __________
Manager/Supervisor: _________________________ Date: __________
Safety Representative: _________________________ Date: __________
This risk assessment must be reviewed annually, and after any incident or changes to procedures or when significant changes occur.
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Sources used for this answer
[1] General Industry Safety and Health Standards (MIOSHA)
Page 17
Open source documentSource excerpt
# APPENDIX C EXAMPLES OF PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED (cont.) ## Example 2. Workplace. Meat and poultry rendering plants. Cookers and dryers are either batch or continuous in their operation. Multiple batch cookers are operated in parallel. When one unit of a multiple set is shut down for repairs, means are available to isolate that unit from the others which remain in operation. Cookers and dryers are horizontal, cylindrical vessels equipped with a center, rotating shaft and agitator paddles or discs. If the inner shell is jacketed, it is usually heated with steam at pressures up to 150 psig (1034.25 kPa). The rotating shaft assembly of the continuous cooker or dryer is also steam heated. Potential Hazards. The recognized hazards associated with cookers and dryers are the risk that employees could be: 1. Struck or caught by rotating agitator; 2. Engulfed in raw material or hot, recycled fat; 3. Burned by steam from leaks into the cooker/dryer steam jacket or the condenser duct system if steam valves are not properly closed and locked out; 4. Burned by contact with hot metal surfaces, such as the agitator shaft assembly, or inner shell of the cooker/dryer; 5. Heat stress caused by warm atmosphere inside cooker/dryer; 6. Slipping and falling on grease in the cooker/dryer; 7. Electrically shocked by faulty equipment taken into the cooker/dryer; 8. Burned or overcome by fire or products of combustion; or 9. Overcome by fumes generated by welding or cutting done on grease covered surfaces. - Permits. The supervisor in this case is always present at the cooker/dryer or other permit entry confined space when entry is made. The supervisor must follow the pre-entry isolation procedures described in the entry permit in preparing for entry, and ensure that the protective clothing, ventilating equipment and any other equipment required by the permit are at the entry site. - Control of hazards. Mechanical. Lock out main power switch to agitator motor at main…
[2] Confined Space - Introduction
Page 8
Open source documentSource excerpt
# Why is working in a confined space more hazardous than working in other workspaces? (cont.) ## How are fire and explosion prevented? (cont.) Continuous Monitor for Oxygen and Combustible Gases If potential flammable atmosphere hazards are identified during the initial testing, the air in the confined space should be cleaned or purged, ventilated and then tested again before entry to the confined space is allowed. Only after the air testing is within allowable limits should entry occur as the gases used for purging can also be extremely hazardous. ## How are energy sources controlled? All potentially hazardous energy sources such as electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, or thermal must be de-energized (or isolated) and locked out prior to entry to the confined space so that equipment cannot be turned on unintentionally. If de-energization is not possible, the hazardous energy must be controlled in a way that eliminates or minimizes worker exposure to the hazards before workers are allowed to enter the confined space. It is important that any method of control other than isolation and lockout must be evaluated and the effectiveness for controlling the hazardous energy must be demonstrated. Please see the OSH Answers on Hazardous Energy Control Programs and Lockout/Tag_out for more information. ## What are other safety precautions? Many other situations or hazards may be present in a confined space. Be sure that all hazards and risks are identified and controlled, for example: - Any liquids or free-flowing solids should be removed from the confined space to eliminate the risk of drowning or suffocation. - All pipes should be physically disconnected or isolation blanks bolted in place. Closing valves is not sufficient. - Use two blocking valves, with an open vent or bleed valve between the blocking valves when isolating pipelines or similar conveyances to prevent entry of materials and hazardous contaminants. - A barrier is present to p…
[3] Confined Space - Program
Page 3
Open source documentSource excerpt
# Confined Space - Program (cont.) ## What is an Entry Permit System? (cont.) - The scope of the work that is to be done in the confined space. - Possible hazards that may be encountered inside and outside the space. - Possible hazards that may develop during the work activity. - The date and time of entry into the confined space and the anticipated time of exit. - The details of any atmospheric testing done of the confined space - when, where, results, and date monitoring equipment was last calibrated. Ideally, calibration (including bump test) would be done just before each use. If this is not possible, follow the equipment manufacturer's guidelines for the frequency of calibration. - Hazard control measures, including the use of mechanical ventilation, work procedures, personal protective equipment needed and any other precautions that must be followed by every worker who is going to enter the confined space. - Means of communication between the persons working in the confined space and the attendant. - Emergency plan, and the protective equipment and emergency equipment to be used by any person who takes part in a rescue or responds to other emergency situations in the confined space - A signature of a worker who did the confined space air testing. The signature on the permit would indicate that adequate precautions are being taken to control the anticipated hazards. - Authorization signature by the supervisor certifying that the space has been properly evaluated, prepared, and it is safe for entry and work. The entry permit should be posted at the confined space and remain so until the work is completed. The employer should keep a copy of the completed permit on file. ## What should happen when work is being done in a confined space? Use warning signs to prevent unauthorized entry to the confined space. Anyone working in a confined space must be constantly alert for any changing conditions within the confined space. In the event of an alarm fr…
[4] Confined Space - Program
Page 4
Open source documentSource excerpt
# Confined Space - Program (cont.) ## What should happen when work is being done in a confined space? (cont.) - Understands the nature of the hazards that may be found inside that particular confined space and can recognize signs, symptoms and behavioural effects that workers in the confined space could experience. - Monitors the confined space and surrounding area and is on the look out for dangerous conditions. - Remains outside the confined space and does no other work which may interfere with their primary duty of monitoring the workers inside the confined space. - Maintains constant two-way communication with the workers in the confined space. - Orders the immediate evacuation if a potential hazard, not already controlled for, is detected. - Calls for emergency assistance immediately if an emergency develops. - Is immediately available to provide non-entry emergency assistance when needed. - Can provide entry rescue only after the most stringent precautions are taken and another attendant is immediately available to assume the attendant duties Should a worker leave a confined space for a short time (for example, coffee break, getting additional material for their work), the confined space should be re-tested before the worker re-enters. If the confined space has been continuously monitored by equipment that can show the details of the atmosphere during the time absent from the confined space and this information can be seen from outside the confined space, it can be re-entered without retesting. If there is no continuous air monitoring then the hazard assessment needs to be repeated. No confined space should be closed off until it has been verified that no person is inside it. After exiting the confined space, the time of exit should be noted on the entry permit. ## What are some emergency response precautions? The detailed plan for emergency response to an injury or other emergency within the confined space should be described in detail in the…
[5] Confined Space - Introduction
Page 3
Open source documentSource excerpt
# What are the hazards in a confined space? All hazards found in a regular workspace can also be found in a confined space. However, they can be even more hazardous in a confined space than in a regular worksite. Hazards in confined spaces can include: - Poor air quality: - Insufficient amount of oxygen for the worker to breathe. - Toxic gases that could make the worker ill or cause the worker to lose consciousness. Examples include hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide). - Asphyxiants - simple asphyxiants are gases which can displace oxygen in the air (normally about 21 percent). Low oxygen levels (19.5 percent or less) can cause symptoms such as rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, clumsiness, emotional upset, and fatigue. As less oxygen becomes available, nausea and vomiting, collapse, convulsions, coma and death can occur. Unconsciousness or death could result within minutes following exposure to a simple asphyxiant. Simple asphyxiants include argon, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide. - Chemical exposures due to skin contact or ingestion (as well as inhalation of toxic gases). - Fire hazard - An explosive or flammable atmosphere due to flammable liquids and gases and combustible dusts which, if ignited, would lead to fire or explosion. - Process-related hazards - such as residual chemicals, or release of contents of a supply line. - Physical hazards - noise, heat, cold, radiation, vibration, electrical, and inadequate lighting. - Safety hazards - such as moving parts of equipment, structural hazards, engulfment, entanglement, slips, or falls. - Vehicular and pedestrian traffic. - Shifting or collapse of bulk material (engulfment). - Barrier failure that results in a flood or release of free-flowing solid or liquid. - Visibility - such as smoke particles in the air. - Biological hazards - viruses, bacteria from fecal matter and sludge, fungi, or moulds. Confined Space - Introduction CCOHS
[6] General Industry Safety and Health Standards (MIOSHA)
Page 16
Open source documentSource excerpt
# APPENDIX C EXAMPLES OF PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED (cont.) ## B. ENTRY PERMIT REQUIRED Permits. Confined Space Entry Permit. All spaces shall be considered permit-required confined spaces until the pre-entry procedures demonstrate otherwise. Any employee required or permitted to pre-check or enter a permit-required confined space shall have successfully completed, as a minimum, the training as required by the following sections of these procedures. A written copy of operating and rescue procedures as required by these procedures shall be at the work site for the duration of the job. The Confined Space Entry Permit must be completed before approval can be given to enter a permit-required confined space. This permit verifies completion of items listed below. This permit shall be kept at the job site for the duration of the job. If circumstances cause an interruption in the work or a change in the alarm conditions for which entry was approved, a new Confined Space Entry Permit must be completed. ## Control of atmospheric and engulfment hazards. Surveillance. The surrounding area shall be surveyed to avoid hazards such as drifting vapors from tanks, piping or sewers. Testing. The confined space atmosphere shall be tested to determine whether dangerous air contamination and/or oxygen deficiency exists. A direct reading gas monitor shall be used. Testing shall be performed by the SUPERVISOR who has successfully completed the gas detector training for the monitor he will use. The minimum parameters to be monitored are oxygen deficiency, LFL and hydrogen sulfide concentration. A written record of the pre-entry test results shall be made and kept at the work site for the duration of the job. Affected employees shall be able to review the testing results. The most hazardous conditions shall govern when work is being performed in two adjoining, connected spaces. Space Ventilation. Mechanical ventilation systems, where applicable, shall be set at 100% outside air. Where po…
[7] Confined Space - Program
Page 1
Open source documentSource excerpt
CCOHS CCHST Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Centre canadien d'hygiène et de sécurité au travail Confined Space # Confined Space - Program ## On this page What is a Confined Space Hazard Assessment and Control Program? What is an Entry Permit System? What should happen when work is being done in a confined space? What are some emergency response precautions? How many people must be present while work is being done in a confined space? Is worker training important? ## What is a Confined Space Hazard Assessment and Control Program? To manage the risks associated with working in confined spaces, employers must develop and implement a confined space hazard assessment and control program. A confined space hazard assessment and control program, specific to the work being conducted, should be written for work in each and every confined space. A confined space hazard assessment and control program should include the following: - Description of roles and responsibilities of each person or party (e.g., employer, supervisor, workers, attendants, and emergency response team). - Advice on how to identify confined spaces. - The identification and assessment of all potential hazards that may exist at the beginning of the work as well as those that may develop because of the work activities. - A procedure to conduct atmospheric testing and monitoring, as required. - A plan to eliminate or control all identified hazards. - Written work procedures. - Training program for all the workers that will enter into the confined spaces. - The establishment of an entry permit system for each entry into a confined space. Confined Space - Program CCOHS
[8] Confined Space - Program
Page 2
Open source documentSource excerpt
# Confined Space - Program (cont.) ## What is a Confined Space Hazard Assessment and Control Program? (cont.) - Development of an emergency plan complete with training and equipment in case an unforeseen situation occurs. - An emergency response system. - Reporting and investigating incidents related to work in confined spaces. - Record and documentation control. - Program review whenever there is a change in circumstances or at least annually, to identify program weaknesses and make any necessary changes to the program. More information about confined spaces is located in the OSH Answers documents Confined Spaces - Introduction and Confined Space - Atmospheric Testing. ## What is an Entry Permit System? An entry permit is an administrative tool used to document the completion of a hazard and risk assessment for each confined space entry. Someone fully trained and experienced in confined space work should complete the entry permit. Some jurisdictions require a permit for all confined space entries. An entry permit is required for confined spaces where the hazard and risk assessment determined that the measures to control the risk involve the following: - atmospheric monitoring, - isolation, - lockout, - ventilation, - safeguarding devices, - respiratory protection, or - any other control that needs to be verified and documented in the permit as required by the assessment. Before entering a confined space, an entry permit should be completed. It should contain at least the following information: - The length of time the permit is valid for. - The name(s) of the worker(s) that are authorized to enter the confined space. - The name(s) of the attendant(s) (safety watch). - The name of the supervisor responsible for the work. - The location and description of the confined space. Confined Space - Program CCOHS
[9] Confined Space - Introduction
Page 5
Open source documentSource excerpt
# Why is working in a confined space more hazardous than working in other workspaces? (cont.) Lack of communication between the workers in the space, the attendant and the emergency response team. ## What should be done when preparing to enter the confined space? The important thing to remember is that each time a worker plans to enter any work space, the worker should determine if that work space is considered a confined space. Be sure the confined space hazard assessment and control program has been followed. Please see the OSH Answers document Confined Space - Program for more information. The next question to ask is - Is it absolutely necessary that the work be carried out inside the confined space? In many cases where there have been deaths in confined spaces, the work could have been done outside the confined space! Before entering any confined space, a trained and experienced person should identify and evaluate all the existing and potential hazards within the confined space. Evaluate activities both inside and outside the confined space. Air quality testing: The air within the confined space should be tested from outside of the confined space before entry into the confined space. Care should be taken to ensure that air is tested throughout the confined space - side-to-side and top to bottom. Continuous monitoring should be considered in situations where a worker is in a space where atmospheric conditions have the potential to change (e.g., broken or leaking pipes or vessels, work activities create a hazardous environment or isolation of a substance is not possible). A trained worker using detection equipment which has remote probes and sampling lines should do the air quality testing. Always ensure the testing equipment is properly calibrated and maintained. The sampling should show that: - The oxygen content is within safe limits - not too little and not too much. - A hazardous atmosphere (toxic gases, flammable atmosphere) is not present. - Ventil…
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