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Hoisting Trusses

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Safe hoisting and lifting of roof trusses requires a site-specific lift and erection plan developed before work begins. The plan should identify the crane location, access/egress, ground bearing capacity, power-line clearances, landing/setting sequence, communication methods, exclusion zones, weather limits, fall-protection methods, and rescue procedures. Because falls are a leading cause of death in construction and many occur from roofs, ladders, scaffolds, and lifts, planning the work and providing the right equipment and training are essential. [4] [6] [9]

  • Use a qualified person to plan the lift and a qualified rigger to select rigging, determine hitch configuration, verify sling angles/capacity, and ensure the truss can be lifted without damage or instability.
  • Verify crane setup on firm, level ground with adequate bearing capacity; keep the swing radius and travel path clear; maintain required clearance from energized power lines.
  • Inspect the crane, rigging hardware, slings, spreader bars, tag lines, and connection points before use; remove damaged equipment from service.
  • Determine truss weight, center of gravity, pick points, and whether a spreader bar is needed to prevent bending, rolling, or crushing of the truss.
  • Establish a controlled-access zone and keep all workers out from under and near suspended loads except those essential to the connection process.
  • Use a standard communication method between operator, rigger, and signal person; stop the lift if communication is lost or wind/weather conditions make the load unstable.
  • Pre-plan temporary bracing and permanent bracing so each truss is stabilized immediately after placement before releasing the load line.

[5] [10] [1] For rigging procedures, use only rigging that is rated for the load and configured to keep the truss stable throughout the pick. Typical good practice is to use manufacturer-identified pick points or an engineered lifting method, often with two pick points and a spreader bar for long trusses. Protect slings from sharp edges, use positive locking hooks, and control rotation with tag lines when conditions allow workers to remain clear of pinch points. Never improvise with unapproved attachment points or mix incompatible components. [2] [2]

For crane operations, the operator should follow the load chart for the exact configuration, including boom length, radius, outrigger setup, and deductions for rigging gear. Test-lift the truss just clear of the ground to confirm balance and rigging integrity before booming up or swinging. Avoid side loading, sudden starts/stops, shock loading, and lifting in winds that could cause the truss to sail, spin, or buckle. No worker should ride the load, headache ball, hook, or truss. [10]

Load stability is critical with roof trusses because they are long, light relative to size, and easily destabilized by wind or uneven lifting. Keep the truss as close to level as possible during the pick, use enough pick points to prevent excessive flexing, and land it only onto prepared bearing points. Once set, install temporary restraint/bracing immediately and do not release the crane until the truss is secured against roll-over, kick-out, and progressive collapse. Sequence erection so previously set trusses and bracing create a stable system rather than isolated unsupported members.

Workers exposed to falls during truss setting need effective fall protection. Full-body harnesses are required for personal fall arrest systems, anchor points should be planned before work begins, and each anchor must support 5,000 pounds per worker or twice the intended load. Anchor to substantial structural members, not vents, pipes, or weak attachments. Train workers to use harnesses, lanyards, lifelines, and anchors correctly, and have a rescue plan for a fallen worker. [2] [2] [2] [2]

  • Provide fall protection for anyone working on roofs or elevated framing without complete perimeter protection.
  • Guard or cover skylights and roof openings; mark trip hazards such as drains and vents.
  • Do not rely on staying back from the edge as a substitute for fall protection.
  • Inspect PFAS before each use and remove damaged components from service.
  • Retrain workers whenever site conditions or fall-protection setup changes.

[1] [1] [1] [2] [2] Suspended load hazards must be tightly controlled. Never allow workers beneath a suspended truss. Keep hands and body parts out of pinch points while guiding or landing the load. Use tag lines only where they can be handled from a safe position and will not pull workers into the load path. Barricade the drop zone and the crane swing area, and stop other trades from entering the erection zone until the truss is landed, connected, and braced.

A qualified rigger should be used whenever employees are within the fall zone and for any complex or critical truss pick. At minimum, that person should be able to determine load weight and center of gravity, choose compatible slings/hardware, identify damaged rigging, understand hitch effects on capacity, and know the truss manufacturer’s lifting limitations. A competent person should also oversee fall protection and access systems, identify hazards, and correct them promptly. [2] [5]

For safe erection practices, use the safest access method for connectors and bracing crews. If ladder work would force overreaching or carrying materials by hand, use scaffolding or an aerial/work platform instead. Ladders must be set on stable ground, extended 3 feet above the landing, secured when used for roof access, and workers should maintain 3-point contact and hoist tools rather than carry them while climbing. Scaffolds used for access or bracing must be fully planked, guarded where required, and capable of supporting at least four times the intended load. [3] [3] [3] [3] [5]

If aerial lifts are used to access connection points, workers must wear the required fall protection and stay tied off to the manufacturer-provided anchor point. Position the lift on stable ground, keep it out of traffic or other struck-by hazards, and never use ladders or stand on the bucket rails to gain extra reach. Keep the boom and platform clear of power lines. [8] [10] [10] [10]

For OSHA compliance, the key requirements typically implicated in roof-truss hoisting and erection include crane safety, rigging by qualified personnel, fall protection, ladder safety, scaffold safety, aerial lift safety, training, and site-specific hazard assessment. At a practical level, compliance means planning the lift, using qualified operators/riggers/signal persons, maintaining fall protection, keeping workers clear of suspended loads, ensuring safe access, and following manufacturer instructions for the crane, rigging gear, trusses, bracing, and anchorage devices. [2] [3] [7]

  1. Hold a pre-lift meeting covering sequence, roles, signals, weather, exclusion zones, fall protection, rescue, and emergency response.
  2. Verify crane capacity, setup, outrigger support, and power-line clearance.
  3. Confirm truss weights, pick points, rigging method, and temporary/permanent bracing requirements from the truss design/manufacturer.
  4. Inspect all rigging and fall-protection equipment before use.
  5. Establish controlled-access and no-go zones under the load and around the crane.
  6. Use safe access systems for connectors and bracing crews; do not overreach from ladders or unguarded platforms.
  7. Land, connect, and brace each truss immediately; do not release the load until stability is assured.
  8. Stop work for high winds, lightning, poor visibility, communication failure, or any sign of structural instability.

[4] [2] [2]

10 source record(s)

Sources used for this answer

[1] PFAS Safety: Personal Fall Arrest Systems for Residential Construction Contractors

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# Keep Your Workers Safe Any Fall Can Be Fatal or Debilitating! (cont.) ## The ABC's of PFAS A PFAS must meet specific requirements. Some of these are described below. *** ## A - Anchor Point The anchor point (tie-off point) is a secure point of attachment for the fall arrest system's lanyard or lifeline. • Anchor point locations should be planned out before work begins. • The anchor point should be attached to a substantial structural member, such as a beam, girder, roof truss or rafter. • The anchor point must support either 5,000 pounds per worker (the weight of two small cars) or twice the intended load. • When installing anchor points, follow the manufacturer's instructions. A Never use a pipe or vent as an anchor point. Never use sheetrock screws to install an anchor point. ## B - Body Harness A full-body harness is required for a PFAS. The body harness distributes the force of a fall to reduce the chance of bodily injury. It includes shoulder and thigh straps, and a D-ring. A Body belts should never be part of a PFAS. A Make sure that D-rings are larger than the snap hook. Note: The connecting D-ring in a properly fitted harness should be located in the center of the upper back. Locking snap hook Harness Rope D-ring grab Lanyard with shock absorber Lifeline Not all PFAS components are interchangeable. ## C - Connecting Device A retractable lifeline or shock-absorbing lanyard and its connectors are used to link a full-body harness to the anchor system. Never hook lanyards together unless manufacturer approved. ! Shock-absorbing lanyards and retractable lifelines are rarely compatible-do not connect. Different types of connectors include carabiners, snap hooks, D-rings, and rope grabs. Connectors must have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds. ## D - Descent & Rescue You must have a plan for rescuing a worker whose fall has been arrested. • The plan should be designed to raise or lower a worker to safety without any p…

[2] Safety Pays, Falls Cost: Falls in construction can be prevented

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## Fatal falls among Massachusetts construction workers, 2009-2013 (cont.) MONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH Preventing falls in construction. It is not surprising that construction workers are at high risk of falls given the nature of their work. But these falls should not be simply accepted as part of the job. We know how to prevent falls in construction: Plan ahead to get the job done safely. Provide the right equipment. Train everyone to use the equipment safely. Contractors and construction workers and their unions, as well as builders, equipment designers, homeowners – even architects who design our buildings - have critical roles to play in reducing falls in construction. A nationwide campaign to reduce falls in construction is underway. Log on to the campaign website and also the NIOSH and OSHA websites to learn what can be done to make sure that the workers building our homes get to go home. www.stopconstructionfalls.com www.cdc.gov/niosh/construction/stopfalls.html www.osha.gov/stopfalls ## Some fall prevention resources in Massachusetts: Brochures in English, Spanish or Portuguese from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH): • Ladder safety for residential contractors - Scaffold safety for residential contractors - Falls in construction: Myths and facts Accessible online: www.mass.gov/dph/FACE Hard copies can be ordered from MDPH: (800) 338-5223; MA. [redacted email] Safety Training Grants from the Massachusetts Department of Industrial Accidents. Grants available for providing workplace health and safety training to employees and employers. Any company covered by the Massachusetts Workers' Compensation In- surance Law is eligible to apply for these grants. www.mass.gov/dia/safety Safety and Health On-site Consultation Program The Massachusetts Department of Labor Standards offers free consultation services to help small em- ployers improve their safety and health programs, indentify hazards and train emplo…

[3] DPH Safety Alert: Working from Aerial Lifts

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# SAFETY ALERT-Please Post # Employees Must Wear Fall Protection when Working from Aerial Lifts You MUST COMPLY with the requirements of: American National Standards Institute A92.2, A DANGER National Electric Safety Code, and OSHA FALLING FROM PLATFORM WILL RESULT IN A DANGER DEATH OR SERIOUS INJURY approved fall protection system with Platform personnel must wear an OSHA AN UNTRAINED OPERATOR lanyard attached to anchor provided. SUBJECTS HIMSELF AND Platform doors, if provided, must be se- OTHERS TO curely latched. 419264A DEATH OR SERIOUS INJURY ## What happened in Massachusetts? During 2011 and 2012, two municipal workers were fatally injured while repairing traffic lights: each was working from the raised bucket of an aerial lift truck and was thrown from the bucket when struck by a passing tractor-trailer. ## What can be done? In each incident: • The trucks were parked as far to the right side of the road as possible, and the trucks' buckets extended over active travel lanes so the workers could access the traffic lights. • The victims were not wearing fall protection, so when the passing tractor trailers hit the buckets, they bounced out and fell nearly [redacted street address] below. Both deaths could have been prevented if fall protection had been used. When performing work from any vehicle mounted elevated platform: - Fall protection must be provided to workers and used properly. - Additionally, when working in or near roadways: • Work zones should be set up appropriately to minimize worker exposure to moving vehicles. ## Ensure Use of Fall Protection The best type of fall protection equipment to be used with aerial lift trucks is a restraint system because it keeps the worker in the bucket and prevents a fall of any distance, even if the truck's bucket is struck by an oncoming vehicle. A restraint system consists of: • a body belt or harness • a lanyard, no longer than 2 feet • an anchor point (this will come attached to the aerial li…

[4] Scaffold Safety For Residential Construction Contractors

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# SCAFFOLD SAFETY For Residential Construction Contractors (cont.) ## Pump Jack Scaffold: - Use wooden poles up to 30 feet; aluminum poles up to 50 feet • Install guardrails. Workbench may serve as top guardrail • Secure poles to house with rigid triangular bracing at the top, bottom, and other points as necessary • Make sure poles are plumb - Platforms brackets should be fully planked and secured . Do not sit or stand on workbench platforms Caution: Spliced 2x4 poles often slip when wet. ## Ladder Jack: • Do not use over 20 feet in height - Platforms should be a minimum of 12 inches wide. Do not bridge platforms to each other - Secure ladders to prevent slipping Provide access ladder ## Caution: The least safe of all staging types. Try to minimize use. OSHA now requires fall protection to be used on these scaffolds. ## Caution: Never combine pump jack scaffolds with ladder jacks unless you do not intend to adjust the height of the pump jack. ## Carpenter's Bracket: • Platform must be a minimum of 12 inches • Ensure brackets are attached to the stud or structural member of building • Install guardrails Inexpensive guardrail holders are available for all types of scaffolds ## Tubular Welded: • Assemble scaffold by qualified person • Cross brace the scaffold • Secure to building • Install guardrails • Provide access ladder • Fully plank Caution: Careful footing is critical for the stability of these scaffolds. Beware of electrocution hazard when assembling, using, or dismantling scaffolds near power lines Call electric company for assistance This brochure highlights key points. Consult the OSHA standard CFR 29, Subpart L, 1926.450-454 for a complete list of safety requirements. Ask your retailer or rental agency for specific assembly and safety instructions for your particular scaffold.

[5] Fatal Occupational Injuries in Massachusetts 1991-1999

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# Table 9. Rates of Fatal Occupational Injuries by Occupation Groups Massachusetts, 1991-1999 and U.S., 1992-1999 (cont.) ## 3.1 Fatal Falls to Lower Levels Workplace falls claimed the lives of 133 Massachusetts workers between 1991-1999 accounting for 21% of all fatal occupational injuries during this period. The average annual fall fatality rate was 0.5 per 100,000 workers, similar to the 1999 fall fatality rate of 0.5 per 100,000 workers for the nation. Fatal workplace falls in Massachusetts occurred in a wide range of circumstances. The great majority (118 fatalities, 89%) were falls to lower levels. Falls from roofs (26), ladders (21), and scaffolds and staging (18) were the most common. This special topic section focuses on fatal falls to lower levels. Most fatal falls to lower levels occurred in the construction industry division. • Most fatal falls to lower levels (71 fatalities, 60%) occurred in the Construction industry division, an average of 8 fatalities per year (Table 10). The Service industry division had the second highest number of fatal falls to lower levels (13 fatalities). - Within the Construction industry division, the Special Trade Contractors major industry group accounted for 81% (58 fatalities) of fatal fall injuries. Contractors engaged in roofing and sheet metal work, carpentry and floor work, structural steel erection, and masonry work led all other groups in the number of fatalities. - The construction industry division also had a high annual average rate of fatal falls to lower levels (6.6 fatalities per 100,000 workers), more than sixteen times the overall rate for all industry divisions (0.4 fatalities per 100,000 workers). Table 10. Number and Average Annual Rate of Fatal Falls to Lower Levels in the Construction Industry Division, Massachusetts, 1991-1999 <table><tr><th>Industry Division</th><th>Number of Falls to Lower Levels (1991-99)</th><th>Percent</th><th>Average Annual Fall Fatality Rate</th></tr><tr><td>Constructio…

[6] LADDER SAFETY - For Residential Construction Contractors

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# Plan Ahead for the Job and Inspect Ladders Before Use First, can the task be done safely from a ladder? If not, use scaffolding or a lift. If using ladders: • Bring the right ladder for the job: self- supporting, straight, or extension ladder. • Check the duty rating label on the ladder. Don't overload. NOTICE AVISO Ladder Size: 6' Duty Rating: Type IA Maximum Load: 300 lbs. Highest standing level: 45 3/8" • Heavy-duty industrial ladders (Type 1 or 1A), can only carry up to 250 or 300 pounds including the worker and their tools. • Check the ladder for loose, cracked or greasy rungs, split side rails, and worn shoes. Make sure the rung locks are in working order. • Tag and remove defective ladders from the job site. • Don't use a ladder in a horizontal position as a scaffold. • Call the electric company for assistance if working near power lines, to prevent electrocution. Fact: It only takes 1 second to hit the ground from a 16-foot fall. Over half of the fatal falls in construction are from heights of less than 25 feet. ## Setting Up Ladders • Clear away debris and obstructions, and block off the area around the bottom of the ladder to prevent it from being bumped into. • Set the ladder on dry, level ground. Use the "heel test" to check firmness of the ground. Stomp your heel down; if it goes into the ground more than 1 inch, a base is needed below the ladder. • If a base is needed, set it on a secure, even surface. Plywood can be used if it is dry, clean and sturdy enough to support the expected load. • Set the base of the ladder at a distance of 1 foot out for every 4 feet high. • When accessing a porch or roof, extend ladder side rails 3 feet above landing. For extra stability, secure the ladder by tying it to the building. • If a ladder must be placed in front of a door, secure the door shut so it cannot open. • Use ladder stabilizers when appropriate. ## Climbing Ladders • Allow only one person on the ladder at a time. Always f…

[7] Fatal Falls Among Massachusetts Construction Workers (2007-2011)

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WEALTH OF MASSAC COMMO Fatal Falls Among Massachusetts Construction Workers DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH Occupational Health Surveillance Program • Massachusetts Department of Public Health • April 2012 Construction workers create the structures that shape our lives. They build our homes and schools, repair our roads and bridges, create office parks, supermarkets, hospitals, sports arenas... And they are at high risk of being fatally injured on the job. In Massachusetts over the last five years, 78 construction workers were fatally injured at work - more workers than in any other industry. Over half of these workers (44 of 78) fell to their deaths. The rate of fatal falls among construction workers was more than nine times the average rate for all workers in the state (4.9 versus 0.5 deaths per 100,000 full-time workers). This special topic report focuses on fatal falls to a lower level in construction. Falls were the leading cause of death among construction workers. - During 2007-2011, an average of nine construction workers fell to their deaths each year. Falls to a lower level were the leading cause of death among construction workers, accounting for more than half of all construction worker deaths (56%, 44 of 78). - Of the 44 fatal falls to a lower level in construction workers, more than half occurred at residential sites (59%, N=26). - The rate of fatal falls to lower levels among construction workers (4.9 deaths per 100,00 full-time equivalent workers) – was about 10 times higher than the overall rate for all industry sectors (0.5 deaths per 100,000 workers). • The greatest number of fatal construction falls were from ladders (25%; N=11), roofs (20%, N=9), and scaffolds (18%, N=8). Four workers (9%) fell from vehicle mounted work platforms or other lifts. Falls through the roof surface or an unguarded opening each accounted for an additional three deaths (7% each). (Chart 1). Of the 26 deaths at residential sites, ten were from ladder falls, eight fr…

[8] SAFETY REQUIREMENTS: Removing Snow from Rooftops on Municipal and State Property

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THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF LABOR AND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF LABOR STANDARDS MASSsafety Works! Workplace Safety is No Accident # SAFETY REQUIREMENTS # Removing Snow from Rooftops on Municipal and State Property After excessive snowfall, concerns arise about the weight of snow and the structural integrity of the roof. Workers assigned to remove snow from rooftops are at high risk of injury from falling off the roof edge or falling through skylights. Employers must plan ahead to protect all workers from falling off the roof. ## Prevent Worker Injury When Removing Snow from Roofs • Use snow removal methods that do not involve workers going onto roofs, when possible. - Provide Fall Protection equipment to workers who go onto roofs such as full body harnesses, shock-absorbing lanyards, lifelines, and engineered anchor points. • Guard skylights, so workers do not fall through. • Mark skylights, roof drains, and vents that could trip workers. • Avoid contact with electrical power lines. Keep ladders, aerial lifts and workers at least 10 feet away from power lines. - Evaluate weight load exerted on roof to ensure the roof can support the workers and equipment. - Train workers to use Fall Protection harness, lifelines and anchor points correctly. For more detailed information to prevent injury, refer to OSHA Publication 3513 "Hazard Alert: Falls and Other Hazards to Workers Removing Snow from Rooftops and Other Elevated Surfaces" available at: www.osha.gov A method to protect workers from falling is required. One example of Fall Protection is a full-body harness with a shock-absorbing lanyard attached to a rope grab and vertical lifeline that is attached to a separate 5000-pound anchor point per worker. ## Frequently Asked Questions The roof is flat. Is Fall Protection still required? Answer: YES. There is no exemption unless there is a railing protecting the entire perimeter. I won't go closer than 6 feet to the…

[9] Scaffold Safety for Residential Construction Contractors

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# Additional Information # SCAFFOLD SAFETY # For Residential Construction Contractors On-site Consultation Program Massachusetts Department of Labor Standards (508) 616-0461 www.mass.gov/dols OSHA Regional Office JFK Federal Building- Room E340 Boston, MA [redacted postal code] (617) 565-9860 www.osha.gov Scaffold safety materials and resources at: www.cpwr.com ## The Center for Construction Research and Training ## MA FACE Project Occupational Health Surveillance Program Massachusetts Department of Public Health [redacted street address] Boston, MA [redacted postal code] (617) 624-5627 www.mass.gov/dph/FACE FACE is an occupational injury prevention project conducted by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. FACE is not responsible for the enforcement of safety standards. FACE investigates workplace fatalities to identify risk factors that lead to fatal injury in order to prevent future deaths. The FACE Project is funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Many thanks to the contractors and others who helped develop this brochure. Last updated 5/2012 Massachusetts Department of Public Health Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Project NWEALTH OF TMENT # Keep Your Workers Safe - Any Fall Can Be Fatal! Scaffolds can provide a safer and more efficient way to work than ladders, but they must be set up properly. The majority of construction workers who fall to their death in Massachusetts fall from scaffolds. As you can see from the examples below, falls can happen to anyone: experienced, inexperienced, young, or old. A 29-year-old carpenter fell 19 feet to his death from an unguarded carpenter's bracket scaffold attached to a window frame of a home. The carpenter was scraping snow off the roof. He slipped off the platform as snow accumulated around his feet. A 69-year-old mason renovating a single family home fell 20 feet from an unguarded pipe scaffold. The staging was set 10 feet fro…

[10] Prevent Aerial Lift Accidents

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THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF LABOR AND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF LABOR STANDARDS MASS safety Works! Workplace Safety is No Accident # Prevent Aerial Lift Accidents Municipal employees are subject to accidents and injuries while working in bucket trucks and aerial lifts to hang flags and decorations, trim trees, or make repairs to buildings or streetlights. Some of the high hazards of working in bucket trucks or on any elevated work platform include electrocution, tip overs, and struck by passing traffic. Remind all employees who will be working on an elevated work platform of some key safety points: • Wear a harness and lifeline properly. • Make sure the equipment is on stable ground. Avoid slopes, sandy or wet areas, and uneven surfaces. • Never stand on the sides of the bucket or use a ladder in the bucket to extend reach. • Do not put yourself or your equipment within 10 feet of power lines. • Set up a safe work zone to prevent traffic from hitting the bucket truck. • Use advance warning signs, cones, or barricades to protect your workers. If the bucket truck is not regularly used, make sure you inspect it and test it. Look for leaks and check the hydraulics. Make sure that all the outriggers fully deploy, beacons, and lights function properly, and there are no missing parts. Above all, make sure the operator is well trained in the safe use of the equipment. These workers are wearing a harness and lifeline to ensure they are not thrown out of the bucket if the bucket, boom, or truck is hit by a passing vehicle. For further information, read the Aerial Lift Safety Bulletin on the DLS website: www.mass.gov/dols/wshp

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