Write a risk assessment for fire risk assessment for a industrial and automotive lubricant manufacturer of capacity of 1000000 according to South African law

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# Table H-19 Electrical Equipment Hazardous Areas-Service Stations (cont.) ## Table H-20 (cont.) Chapter 296-24 WAC General Safety and Health Standards Part E Hazardous Materials, Flammable Liquids, Spray Finishing providing an explosion suppression system, or by designing the equipment to contain the peak explosion pressure which may be modified by explosion relief. Where the special hazards of operation, sources of ignition, or exposures indicate a need, you must give consideration to providing protection by one or more of the above means. (5) Tank vehicle and tank car loading and unloading. You must separate tank vehicle and tank car loading or unloading facilities from aboveground tanks, warehouses, other plant buildings, or nearest line of adjoining property which may be built upon by a distance of 25 feet for Category 1 or 2 flammable liquids, or Category 3 flammable liquids with a - flashpoint below 100°F (37.8°C), and 15 feet for Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint at or above 100°F (37.8°C) and Category 4 flammable liquids measured from the nearest position of any fill stem. Buildings for pumps or shelters for personnel may be a part of the facility. Operations of the facility must comply with the appropriate portions of WAC 296-24-[redacted postal code](3). (6) Fire control. (a) Portable extinguishers. You must provide approved portable fire extinguishers of appropriate size, type and number. (b) Other controls. Where the special hazards of operation or exposure indicate a need, you must provide the following fire control provision. (i) A reliable water supply must be available in pressure and quantity adequate to meet the probable fire demands. (ii) You must provide hydrants in accordance with accepted good practice. (iii) You must install hose connected to a source of water so that all vessels, pumps, and other equipment containing flammable liquids can be reached with at least one hose stream. You must provide nozzles tha…

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(h) Fire extinguishers which have been listed or approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, must be used to meet the re- quirements of this part. (See Table D-1) Note: For additional requirements relating to portable fire extinguishers see WAC [redacted identifier]. <table><tr><th rowspan="3">OF LABOR</th><th rowspan="2" colspan="4">WATER TYPE</th><th rowspan="2">FOAN</th><th rowspan="2">CARBON DIOXIDE</th><th colspan="4">DRY CHEMICAL</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2">SODIUN OR POTASSIUM BICARBONATE</td><td colspan="2">MULTI-PURPOSE ABC</td></tr><tr><td>STON PRISSHAP</td><td>CARIN DATED</td><td>RATERP TABUK</td><td>SOBA ACIB</td><td>FOAD</td><td>cu</td><td>CARTRIDGE OPERATED</td><td>STORED PRESSURE</td><td>STORED 1545SURE</td><td>CARTTICE OPERATED</td></tr><tr><td>CLASS A FIRES W BAVING GOWING PPR GOUNLES</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td><td>NO BUT WILL COR ME SURFACES</td><td>NO Allw CONTROL SMALL SPACE FRES</td><td>NO FUIT WILL CONTROL SMALL SURFACE FRES</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td></tr><tr><td>CLASS B I LALMOWELL FIRES IMMEN. GASAINGO PARTS, WASHI</td><td>NO 10</td><td>NO</td><td>NO</td><td>NO</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td></tr><tr><td>CLASS C ELECTRICAL FRES ELECTRICAL COUPMENT</td><td>NO</td><td>NO</td><td>NO</td><td>NO</td><td>NO</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td><td>YES</td></tr><tr><td>CLASS O CARAMUS | BILL. FIRES COMBUSTIBLE METALS</td><td colspan="10">SPECIAL EXTINGUISHING AGENTS APPROVED BY RECOGNIZED TESTING LABORATORIES</td></tr><tr><td>METHODS OF OPERATION</td><td>LEVER</td><td>THEPSOP AND PEOP</td><td>PULPABLE</td><td>TUNN BPSIDE BOW</td><td>TUM UPSIDE BOWS</td><td>PULL PIN SQUELE IPVA</td><td>CARTRAGS AQUAPPZ71 PUPR</td><td>PULL PIN squeta HATULE</td><td>PILL PRI SQ BFF7F HANDLE</td><td>CARTROGS SQLPLU</td></tr><tr><td>RANGE</td><td>30°-40°</td><td>30°-40°</td><td>38'-40'</td><td>38-40°</td><td>38'-40°</td><td>5.5°</td><td>5'-20°</td><td>5'…

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WORK SAFE KENTUCKY Free safety resources provided by KEMI HOME SAFETY RESOURCES SAFETY TRAINING SAFETY BLOG ABOUT KEMI CONTACT US O # Fire Safety: OSHA Compliance Guide ## Print a Sign-In Sheet | Spanish Version What Should Employers Do to Protect Workers from Fire Hazards? Employers should train workers about fire hazards in the workplace and what to do in a fire emergency. If you want your workers to evacuate, you should train them on how to escape. If you expect your workers to use firefighting equipment, you should give them appropriate equipment and train them to use the equipment safely. (See Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910 Subparts E and L; and Part 1926 Subparts C and F.) ## What Does the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Require for Emergency Fire Exits? Every workplace must have enough exits suitably located to enable everyone to get out of the facility quickly. Considerations include the type of structure, the number of persons exposed, the fire protection available, the type of industry involved, and the height and type of construction of the building or structure. In addition, fire doors must not be blocked or locked when employees are inside. Delayed opening of fire doors, however, is permitted when an approved alarm system is integrated into the fire door design. Exit routes from buildings must be free of obstructions and properly marked with exit signs. (See 29 CFR Part 1910.36 for details about all requirements.) Do Employers Have to Provide Portable Fire Extinguishers? No, but if you do, you must establish an educational program to familiarize your workers with the general principles of fire extinguisher use. If you expect your workers to use portable fire extinguishers, you must provide hands-on training for equipment use. (See 29 CFR Part 1910 Subpart L for details.) ## Must Employers Develop Emergency Action Plans? Not every employer is required to have an emergency action plan. OSHA standard…

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# Table H-14 Indoor Container Storage (cont.) ## WAC 296-24-[redacted postal code] Industrial plants. (cont.) Chapter 296-24 WAC General Safety and Health Standards Part E Hazardous Materials, Flammable Liquids, Spray Finishing (4) Tank vehicle and tank car loading and unloading. - You must separate tank vehicle and tank car loading or unloading facilities from aboveground tanks, warehouses, other plant buildings or nearest line of adjoining property which may be built upon by a distance of 25 feet for Category 1 or 2 flammable liquids, or Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100°F (37.8°C), and fifteen feet for Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint at or above 100°F (37.8°C) and Category 4 flammable liquids, measured from the nearest position of any fill stem. Buildings for pumps or shelters for personnel may be a part of the facility. Operations of the facility must comply with the appropriate portions of WAC 296-24- [redacted postal code](3). (5) Fire control. (a) Portable and special equipment. You must provide portable fire extinguishment and control equipment in such quantities and types as are needed for the special hazards of operation and storage. (b) Water supply. Water must be available in volume and at adequate pressure to supply water hose streams, foam-producing equipment, automatic sprinklers, or water spray systems as the need is indicated by the special hazards of operation, dispensing and storage. (c) Special extinguishers. You must provide special extinguishing equipment such as that utilizing foam, inert gas, or dry chemical as the need is indicated by the special hazards of operation dispensing and storage. (d) Special hazards. Where the need is indicated by special hazards of operation, you must protect flammable liquid processing equipment, major piping, and supporting steel by approved water spray systems, deluge systems, approved fire-resistant coatings, insulation, or any combination of these. (e) …

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# Internal Combustion Engines as Ignition Sources (cont.) ## Control Measures to Reduce Risk (cont.) - internal combustion engines based on applicable standards and recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices; - o Mark and enforce acceptable traffic routes through hazardous (classified) locations; - o Account for special procedures, which might include the use of portable gas monitors, or emergency evacuation routes for vehicles. - Use other preventive measures such as: - o Installing automatic overspeed shutdown devices on permanently-mounted engines. - o Installing intake flame arrestors and exhaust system spark arrest systems on permanently mounted engines. - o Installing flammable gas and vapor detectors in processing areas. - o Installing shutdown systems (positive air shut-off for diesel or ignition kill for gasoline), intake flame arrestor, exhaust system spark arrest, or other appropriate protective systems³ for mobile internal combustion engines. - o Using a safe work permit system to control mobile combustion engine access into areas that could contain flammable vapors and gases. - o Using a safe work permit system to control the use of open flames and spark-producing operations and equipment (e.g., welding, grinding, brazing, etc.) ## Training Provide training to workers and contractors on hazards in areas that contain flammable vapors and gases. The training should include instruction on: - Signs and hazards of flammable vapor and gas clouds, and associated precautions. - Areas, boundaries and acceptable routes for mobile engines, and applicable facility safety rules. Instruct workers to avoid driving in areas where flammable vapors and gases may be present, to stay on acceptable routes, and to follow site procedures for safe access in areas where flammable materials are being processed. - Signs and hazards of internal combustion engine overspeed and runaway. One of two vacuum truck diesel engines believed to be the ign…

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# OSHA FactSheet ## Fire Safety Employers should train workers about fire hazards in the workplace and about what to do in a fire emergency. If you want your workers to evacuate, you should train them on evacuation procedures. If you expect your workers to use fire fighting equipment, you should provide the appropriate equipment and train workers to use it safely. (See Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1910 Subparts E and L; and Part 1926 Subparts C and F.) ## What actions should employers take to help ensure safe evacuations of buildings? Every workplace must have enough exits suitably located to enable everyone to get out of the facility quickly. Considerations include the type of structure, the number of persons exposed, the fire protection available, the type of industry involved, and the height and type of construction of the building or structure. In addition, exit doors must not be blocked or locked when employees are inside. Delayed opening of exit doors, however, is permitted when an approved alarm system is integrated into the exit door design. Exit routes from buildings must be free of obstructions and properly marked with exit signs. See 29 CFR Part 1910.36 for details about these requirements. ## Do employers have to provide portable fire extinguishers? No. But if you do, you must establish an educational program to familiarize your workers with the general principles of fire extinguisher use. If you expect your workers to use portable fire extinguishers, you must provide hands-on training in using this equipment. For details, see 29 CFR Part 1910 Subpart L. ## Must employers develop emergency action plans? Not every employer is required to have an emergency action plan. OSHA standards that require such plans include the following: • Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals - 1910.119 • Fixed Extinguishing Systems, General – 1910.160 ⋅ Fire Detection Systems - 1910.164 • Grain Handling - 1910.272 • Ethy…

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# D. 1910.119(d) – Process Safety Information (cont.) ## F. 1910.119(f) - Operating Procedures (cont.) QF-06: A PSM-covered facility stores, processes, and moves a large volume (up to 750,000 gallons daily) of flammable and combustible liquids, flammable solids, and flammable gases. The facility has chosen to implement a plant-wide flame-resistant clothing (FRC) program. If a facility employee or contract employee were exposed to flash fire hazards in the facility where flammable or combustible materials are stored, processed, or moved, could the host and/or contractor employers be cited for not providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), e.g., FRC? Response: Yes. Since flammable (liquids, solids, and gases) are stored, processed, and moved at the facility, the employer must perform a hazard analysis of the workplace using standards such as NFPA 2113, Standard on Selection, Care, Use, and Maintenance of Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Short- Duration Thermal Exposures from Fire, to: • Determine whether flash fire hazards exist on a continuous basis in various areas (including but not limited to operating, storage, loading/off-loading, etc.) at the facility; and . Ensure that when employees such as operators and maintenance personnel (host and contract workers) are in the areas where flash fire hazards exist, employees are provided with and wear appropriate PPE (i.e., FRC) to protect against the flash fire hazards. It is possible, then, that if an employer has such flash fire hazards present and fails to address them, OSHA could issue a citation for a violation of Section 1910.132(a), the general requirement to provide protective equipment, including protective clothing, when necessitated by a hazard. A citation could be issued regardless of whether there had been an incident that initiated the inspection. Additionally, this facility is covered under the PSM standard, and the employer has determined that a…

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# Occupational Safety and Health Administration (cont.) ## § 1910.159 Automatic sprinkler systems. (cont.) Before new sprinkler systems are placed into service, an acceptance test is to be conducted. The employer should invite the installer, designer, insurance representative, and a local fire official to witness the test. Problems found during the test are to be corrected before the system is placed into service. 4. Maintenance. It is important that any sprinkler system maintenance be done only when there is minimal employee exposure to the fire hazard. For example, if repairs or changes to the system are to be made, they should be made during those hours when employees are not working or are not occupying that portion of the workplace protected by the portion of the system which has been shut down. - The procedures for performing a flow test via a main drain test or by the use of an inspector's test valve can be obtained from the employer's fire insurance company or from the National Fire Protection Association's Standard No. 13A, "Sprinkler System, Maintenance." 5. Water supplies. The water supply to a sprinkler system is one of the most important factors an employer should consider when evaluationg a system. Obviously, if there is no water supply, the system is useless. Water supplies can be lost for various reasons such as improperly closed valves, excessive demand, broken water mains, and broken fire pumps. The employer must be able to determine if or when this type of condition exists either by performing a main drain test or visual inspection. Another problem may be an inadequate water supply. For example, a light hazard occupancy may, through rehabilitation or change in tenants, become an ordinary or high hazard occupancy. In such cases, the existing water supply may not be able to provide the pressure or duration necessary for proper protection. Employers must assure that proper design and tests have been made to assure an adequate water supply. These…

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# Design and construction of inside storage rooms- (cont.) ## 1910.106(e)(4) (cont.) storage. ## 1910.106(e)(5)(ii) Water supply. Water shall be available in volume and at adequate pressure to supply water hose streams, foam-producing equipment, automatic sprinklers, or water spray systems as the need is indicated by the special hazards of operation, dispensing and storage. 1910.106(e)(5)(iii) Special extinguishers. Special extinguishing equipment such as that utilizing foam, inert gas, or dry chemical shall be provided as the need is indicated by the special hazards of operation dispensing and storage. ## 1910.106(e)(5)(iv) Special hazards. Where the need is indicated by special hazards of operation, flammable liquid processing equipment, major piping, and supporting steel shall be protected by approved water spray systems, deluge systems, approved fire-resistant coatings, insulation, or any combination of these. - 1910.106(e)(5)(v) Maintenance. All plant fire protection facilities shall be adequately maintained and periodically inspected and tested to make sure they are always in satisfactory operating condition, and they will serve their purpose in time of emergency. 1910.106(e)(6) ## Sources of ignition- 1910.106(e)(6)(i) General. Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent the ignition of flammable vapors. Sources of ignition include but are not limited to open flames; lightning; smoking; cutting and welding; hot surfaces; frictional heat; static, electrical, and mechanical sparks; spontaneous ignition, including heat-producing chemical reactions; and radiant heat. ## 1910.106(e)(6)(ii). Grounding. Category 1 or 2 flammable liquids, or Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C), shall not be dispensed into containers unless the nozzle and container are electrically interconnected. Where the metallic floorplate on which the container Submit Feedback

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# Appendix c to 1910.119 - Compliance Guidelines and Recommendations for Process Safety Management (Nonmandatory) (cont.) H Flammable Liquids Division 2 AO 3-2019 Oregon Administrative Rules Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division Preplanning for releases that are more serious than incidental releases is another important line of defense to be used by the employer. When a serious release of highly hazardous chemical occurs, the employer through pre-planning will have determined in advance what actions employees are to take. The evacuation of the immediate release area and other areas as necessary would be accomplished under the emergency action plan. If the employer wishes to use plant personnel such as a fire brigade, spill control team, a hazardous materials team, or use employees to render aid to those in the immediate release area and control or mitigate the incident, these actions are covered by 1910.120, the Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) standard. If outside assistance is necessary, such as through mutual aid agreements between employers or local government emergency response organizations, these emergency responders are also covered by HAZWOPER. The safety and health protections required for emergency responders are the responsibility of their employers and of the on-scene incident commander. a Responders may be working under very hazardous conditions and therefore the objective is to have them competently led by an on-scene incident commander and the commander's staff, properly equipped to do their assigned work safely, and fully trained to carry out their duties safely before they respond to an emergency. Drills, training exercises, or simulations with the local community emergency response planners and responder organizations is one means to obtain better preparedness. This close cooperation and coordination between plant and local community emergency preparedness managers will also aid the employer in complyi…

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# Occupational Safety and Health Administration (cont.) ## Appendix A to Subpart L of Part 1910 - Fire Protection (cont.) or control this type of fire. Those agents which have been specifically approved for use on certain metal fires provide the best protection; however, there are also some "universal" type agents which can be used effectively on a variety of combustible metal fires if necessary. The "universal" type agents include: Foundry flux, Lith-X powder, TMB liquid, pyromet powder, TEC powder, dry talc, dry graphite powder, dry sand, dry sodium chloride, dry soda ash, lithium chloride, zirconium silicate, and dry dolomite. - Water is not generally accepted as an effective extinguishing agent for metal fires. When applied to hot burning metal, water will break down into its basic atoms of oxygen and hydrogen. This chemical breakdown contributes to the combustion of the metal. However, water is also a good universal coolant and can be used on some combustible metals, but only under proper conditions and application, to reduce the temperature of the burning metal below the ignition point. For example, automatic deluge systems in magnesium plants can discharge such large quantities of water on burning magnesium that the fire will be extinguished. The National Fire Protection Association has specific standards for this type of automatic sprinkler system. Further information on the control of metal fires with water can be found in the National Fire Protection Association's Fire Protection Handbook. An excellent source of selection and distribution criteria is found in the National Fire Protection Association's Standard No. 10. Other sources of information include the National Safety Council and the employer's fire insurance carrier. 5. Substitution of standpipe systems for portable fire extinguishers. The employer is permitted to substitute acceptable standpipe systems for portable fire extinguishers under certain circumstances. It is necessary to assure that …

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# C.4.25 SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES WHICH, IN CONTACT WITH WATER, EMIT FLAMMABLE GASES (CONTINUED) (Classified in Accordance with Appendix B.12 of this section) (cont.) ## C.4.26 OXIDIZING LIQUIDS (Classified in Accordance with Appendix B.13 of this section) (cont.) <table><tr><th>Hazard category</th><th>Signal word</th><th>Hazard statement</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Danger</td><td>May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer</td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>Prevention</th><th>Response</th><th>Storage</th><th>Disposal</th></tr><tr><td>Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. Keep away from clothing and other combustible materials. Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection/hearing protection/ Chemical manufacturer, importer, or distributor to specify the appropriate personal protective equipment. Wear fire resistant or flame retardant clothing.</td><td>If on clothing: Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes. In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. In case of fire: Use to extinguish. - if water increases risk. Chemical maoufacturer, importer, or distributor to specify appropriate media.</td><td>Store separately.</td><td>Dispose of contents/container to in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations (to be specified). Chemical manufacturer, importer, or distributor to specify whether disposal requirements apply to contents, container, or both</td></tr></table>

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# Subpart H-Hazardous Materials (cont.) ## Subpart I-Personal Protective Equipment (cont.) Appendix A to Subpart I of Part 1910-References for Further Information (Non-mandatory) Appendix B to Subpart I of Part 1910-Nonmandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection Appendix C to Subpart I of Part 1910-Personal Fall Protection Systems Non-Mandatory Guidelines Appendix D to Subpart I of Part 1910-Test Methods and Procedures for Personal Fall Protection Systems Non-Mandatory Guidelines ## Subpart J-General Environmental Controls 1910.141 Sanitation. 1910.142 Temporary labor camps. 1910.143 Nonwater carriage disposal systems. [Reserved] 1910.144 Safety color code for marking physical hazards. 1910.145 Specifications for accident prevention signs and tags. 1910.146 Permit-required confined spaces. 1910.147 The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout). ## Subpart K-Medical and First Aid 1910.151 Medical services and first aid. 1910.152 [Reserved] ## Subpart L-Fire Protection 1910.155 Scope, application and definitions applicable to this subpart. 1910.156 Fire brigades. Portable Fire Suppression Equipment 1910.157 Portable fire extinguishers. 1910.158 Standpipe and hose systems. Fixed Fire Suppression Equipment 1910.159 Automatic sprinkler systems. 1910.160 Fixed extinguishing systems, general. 1910.161 Fixed extinguishing systems, dry chemical. 1910.162 Fixed extinguishing systems, gaseous agent. 1910.163 Fixed extinguishing systems, water spray and foam. Other Fire Protection Systems Submit Feedback

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# Fire Protection (cont.) ## What is an example of fire hazard audit/checklist? (cont.) <table><tr><th></th><th></th><th>functioning correctly and the space is being heated properly If a space heater is still required, develop guidelines about the type (radiant heat, fan, etc.) and their safe use Include storage guidelines for combustible items within a certain distance of a heat source that complies with local Building and Fire Codes</th></tr><tr><td>Electrical</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Is all wiring installed properly and appropriate to the current or voltage ratings?</td><td></td><td>Make sure that all electrical systems are installed and function according to any Codes that may apply Identify and replace wiring that is not appropriate for the loads they are carrying Repair or replace any exposed wiring Do not overload electrical equipment or electrical outlets Replace extension cords that are being used for long term purposes with permanent wiring. Develop a lock-out/tagout program for any work done on energized systems Educate and train employees on electrical safety Provide appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) where a risk of arc-flash or arc-blast is present</td></tr><tr><td>Chemical Storage, Handling, Distribution, Dispensing</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Is an inventory of all flammable and combustible materials available?</td><td></td><td>Identify all flammable and combustible materials (e.g., paints, degreasers, parts washer solvent, alcohol based cleaners, aerosols, etc.) Maintain an inventory with the quantity, location of use, and storage</td></tr></table> Fire Protection CCOHS

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# § 1910.161 Fixed extinguishing systems, dry chemical. (cont.) a. Some foams are not acceptable for use on fires involving flammable gases and liquefied gases with boiling points below ambient workplace temperatures. Other foams are not effective when used on fires involving polar solvent liquids. b. Any agent using water as part of the mixture should not be used on fire involving combustible metals unless it is applied under proper conditions to reduce the temperature of burning metal below the ignition temperature. The employer should use only those foams that have been tested and accepted for this application by a recognized independent testing laboratory. C. Certain types of foams may be incompatible and break down when they are mixed together. d. For fires involving water miscible solvents, employers should use only those foams tested and approved for such use. Regular protein foams may not be effective on such solvents. - Whenever employers provide a foam or water spray system, drainage facilities must be provided to carry contaminated water or foam overflow away from the employee work areas and egress routes. This drainage system should drain to a central impounding area where it can be collected and disposed of properly. Other government agencies may have regulations concerning environmental considerations. $ 1910.164 Fire detection systems. 1. Installation and restoration. Fire detection systems must be designed by knowledgeable engineers or other professionals, with expertise in fire detection systems and when the systems are installed, there should be an acceptance test performed on the system to insure it operates properly. The manufacturer's recommendations for system design should be consulted. While entire systems may not be approved, each component used in the system is required to be approved. Custom fire detection systems should be designed by knowledgeable fire protection or electrical engineers who are familiar with the workplace hazards …

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# Internal Combustion Engines as Ignition Sources (cont.) ## Source: U.S. Chemical Safety Board (cont.) When uncombusted fuel from the cylinders enters the exhaust system, it can ignite due to the hot surface, discharging sparks and flames (backfire). These can ignite flammable vapors and gases in the surrounding area. Causing overspeed and runaway engines. Overspeed occurs when flammable vapors and gases in the intake air cause engines to run faster than designed. This increases the wear and tear on the engine, causing overheating and risking autoignition. If allowed to continue, overspeed can result in mechanical failure causing the engine to blow apart, igniting flammable materials in the area and causing a flash fire or explosion. Three workers were killed and four injured in a fire resulting from a runaway diesel engine. ## Source: U.S. Chemical Safety Board For a gasoline engine, overspeed is stopped by turning off the ignition switch, which shuts down the ignition source (spark plugs) in the cylinders. This is not the case for diesel engines. Diesel engines do not use spark plugs; turning off the engine ignition switch does not shut down the ignition source. Stopping the fuel supply is also ineffective because the fuel is present in the intake air. The only way to prevent mechanical failure and possible explosion is to cut off the intake air supply, using systems such as automatic engine overspeed shutdown devices. ## Preventing Engines from Becoming Ignition Sources If employers cannot remove internal combustion engines from areas processing flammable materials, then the following preventive measures should be used. These measures include administrative procedures for the safe use of portable or mobile equipment with internal combustion engines. ## Workplace Evaluation • Identify areas where flammable liquids or gases are used or stored. - Evaluate where internal combustion engines are located. - Assess contractor use of internal combustion e…

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# OSHA FactSheet (cont.) ## Employers covered by these standards must implement plans to minimize the frequency of evacuations. All fire prevention plans must: • Be available for employee review. - Include housekeeping procedures for storage and cleanup of flammable materials and flammable waste. • Address handling and packaging of flammable waste. (Recycling of flammable waste such as paper is encouraged.) • Cover procedures for controlling workplace ignition sources such as smoking, welding and burning. • Provide for proper cleaning and maintenance of heat producing equipment such as burners, heat exchangers, boilers, ovens, stoves, and fryers and require storage of flammables away from this equipment. • Inform workers of the potential fire hazards of their jobs and plan procedures. • Require review of the fire prevention plan with all new employees and with all employees whenever the plan is changed. ## What are the rules for fixed extinguishing systems? Fixed extinguishing systems throughout the workplace are among the most reliable fire fighting tools. These systems detect fires, sound an alarm, and apply water or another extinguishing agent to the fire. To meet OSHA standards, employers who have fixed extinguishing systems must: • Substitute (temporarily) a fire watch of trained employees to respond to fire emergencies when a fire suppression system is out of service. • Ensure that the fire watch is included in the fire prevention plan and the emergency action plan. This is one in a series of informational fact sheets highlighting OSHA programs, policies or standards. It does not impose any new compliance requirements. For a comprehensive list of compliance requirements of OSHA standards or regulations, refer to Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations. This information will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. The voice phone is (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: (877) 889-5627. • Post signs for systems t…

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# Occupational Safety and Health Administration (cont.) ## IV. Respirators and Protective Clothing (cont.) C. Storage: Protect against physical damage to BD containers. Outside or detached storage of BD containers is preferred. Inside storage should be in a cool, dry, well-ventilated, noncombustible location, away from all possible sources of ignition. Store cylinders vertically and do not stack. Do not store with oxidizing material. D. Usual Shipping Containers: Liquefied BD is contained in steel pressure apparatus. E. Electrical Equipment: Electrical installations in Class I hazardous locations, as defined in Article 500 of the National Electrical Code, should be in accordance with Article 501 of the Code. If explosion-proof electrical equipment is necessary, it shall be suitable for use in Group B. Group D equipment may be used if such equipment is isolated in accordance with Section 501-5(a) by sealing all conduit ½- inch size or larger. See Venting of Deflagrations (NFPA No. 68, 1994), National Electrical Code (NFPA No. 70, 1996), Static Electricity (NFPA No. 77, 1993), Lightning Protection Systems (NFPA No. 780, 1995), and Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solids (NFPA No. 325, 1994). F. Fire Fighting: Stop flow of gas. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Fire extinguishers and quick drenching facilities must be readily available, and you should know where they are and how to operate them. G. Spill and Leak: Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from areas of spills or leaks until clean-up has been completed. If BD is spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken: 1. Eliminate all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. If in liquid form, for small quantities, allow to evaporate in a safe manner. 4. Stop or control the leak if this can be done without risk. If source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove …